Gas-Containing Surface Cover, Arrangement, And Use

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a surface cover for a body which can be brought into contact with a liquid, comprising: a layer which at least partly contains gas and which is designed and arranged such that at least some sections of a layer face facing the liquid contacts the liquid; a gas-permeable layer which is arranged on the gas-containing layer on a face that faces the body and is opposite the face facing the liquid or which is integrally formed with the gas-containing layer; and a gas-supplying device which is connected to the gas-permeable layer such that gas can flow from the gas-supplying device to the gas-containing layer through the gas-permeable layer. The invention also relates to an arrangement and a use.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of allowed U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/382,482, filed Sep. 2, 2014, which in turn is a section 371of International application no. PCT/EP2013/000523, filed Feb. 22, 2013which claims priority from German Patent application no. 10 2012 004067.9, filed Mar. 3, 2012; German Patent application no. 10 2012 004574.6, filed Mar. 10, 2012; German Patent application no. 10 2012 005163.8, filed Mar. 17, 2012; and German Patent application no. 10 2012007 068.3, filed Apr. 11, 2012, which are incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

FIELD

The invention relates to a gas-retaining surface covering for a bodythat can be placed in contact with a liquid, and to a correspondingarrangement and to a use.

BACKGROUND

From nature, surfaces of plants and animals are known which, whenimmersed in water, are wetted to a small extent′ by the water by virtueof the fact that air is retained in the structure of the surface, suchthat the immersed parts of the plant or of the animal are not wetted bythe water. Said surfaces can be found inter alia in floating aquaticferns (for example Salvinia molesta) or in water bugs (for exampleNotonecta glauca). With the aid of the air retained on the surface withlayer thicknesses of approximately 1 μm to approximately 1 mm, floatingaquatic ferns, for example, can increase their buoyancy, and water bugscan use the air supply carried along underwater for breathing.

However, air escapes as a result of detachment of gas bubbles and as aresult of dissolution of the air in the surrounding liquid from the airlayer retained on the surface of the plant or of the animal into thesurrounding water, such that the air layer is depleted over time. Sincethe immersion time of a water bug and of a vital floating aquatic fernleaf is however shorter than the time required for consuming the airlayer, the dissolution of gases from the air layer into the surroundingwater is not a problem.

SUMMARY

For technical applications, however, a problem is that of permanentlyseparating the surface of an immersed body from the surrounding liquidby means of an air layer.

Said problem is solved by means of the subjects of the independentclaims. The dependent claims relate to preferred embodiments.

An aspect of the invention relates to a surface cover for a body whichcan be brought into contact with a liquid, comprising: a layer which atleast partly contains gas and which is designed and arranged such thatat least some sections of a layer face facing the liquid contacts theliquid; a gas-permeable layer which is arranged on the gas-containinglayer on a face that faces the body and is opposite the face facing theliquid or which is integrally formed with the gas-containing layer; anda gas-supplying device which is connected to the gas-permeable layersuch that gas can flow from the gas-supplying device to thegas-containing layer through the gas-permeable layer. The invention alsorelates to an arrangement and a use.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the surface covering will be explained below byway of an example and on the basis of the appended drawings, in which:

FIG. 1: shows a sectional view through a preferred embodiment of anarrangement of a surface covering on a body.

FIG. 2: shows a further embodiment of an arrangement of a preferredsurface covering on a body.

FIG. 3: shows preferred embodiments of a gas-retaining layer of thesurface covering. Part (a) show a different form of the protrudingelements 26; part (b) shows an alternative design of the protrudingelements in coronet form, said elements having one, two or more pairs ofstems 26 a of concave-convex form, which stems are connected by way of afirst end region to the base 10 c and extend, by way of an oppositelysituated end region, along a direction substantially perpendicular tothe base 10 c, wherein the spacing between said end points is smallerthan the spacing between the stems 26 a at the middle of the stems; part(c) shows a multiplicity of protruding elements 26 in the form of thinhairs which may have a diameter of approximately 1 μm to approximately100 μm, preferably of approximately 10 μm to approximately 50 μm; part(d) shows protruding elements 26 in the form of turrets which, in asectional view, have a substantially rectangular form. The turrets mayhowever also be of substantially cylindrical, oval, prismatic or similarshape; part (e) shows protruding elements 26 in the form of a hair whichhas a spherical tip end 26 f at that end of the hair 26 which issituated opposite the base 10 c; and part (f) shows protruding elements26 which have substantially the shape of a frustum which has a sphericaltip end 26 f at the tip of the frustum.

FIG. 4: shows further preferred embodiments of the gas-retaining layerand show modified protruding elements 26 which substantially correspondto the protruding elements shown in FIG. 3, parts (a) to (f). In FIG. 4,parts (a) to (d), the protruding elements 26 in the embodiments shownhave a hydrophilic surface region 26 e. Part (e) in FIG. 4 showsprotruding elements 26 in the form of a hair which has a spherical tipend 26 f at that end of the hair 26 which is situated opposite the base10 c, wherein a hydrophilic region 26 e is formed on the spherical tipend. It is self-evident evident that the spherical tip end may also beentirely of hydrophilic form. Part (f) in FIG. 4 shows protrudingelements 26 which have substantially the shape of a frustum which has aspherical tip end 26 f at the tip of the frustum, wherein a hydrophilicregion 26 e is formed on the spherical tip end. It is self-evident thatthe spherical tip end may also be entirely of hydrophilic form. It isfurthermore self-evident that, in the embodiments shown in FIG. 4, parts(e) and (f), provision may also be made of a tip end in the form of aspheroid.

FIG. 5: shows a further embodiment of a surface covering.

FIG. 6: shows a further embodiment of a surface covering.

FIG. 7: shows a further preferred embodiment of the gas-retaining layerof a surface covering in a first state.

FIG. 8: shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 in a second state.

FIG. 9: shows a further embodiment of a gas-retaining layer of apreferred surface covering in a first state.

FIG. 10: shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 9 in a second state.

FIG. 11: shows a further embodiment of a gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 12: shows a further embodiment of a gas-retaining layer indifferent states. Parts (a) to (c) of FIG. 12 show an embodiment similarto the embodiment shown in FIG. 11. In the state shown in FIG. 12, part(a), the gas-retaining layer 10 is completely filled with gas 5. After aloss of gas from the gas-retaining layer 10 has occurred, the liquid-gasinterface is displaced as shown in FIG. 12, part (c). As a result of afurther loss of gas, the liquid-gas interface is displaced as shown inFIG. 12, part (b).

FIG. 13: shows two embodiments of a hydrophobic, gas-retaining fiber.FIG. 13, parts (a) and (b) show fibers 40, the hydrophobic surfaces ofwhich are provided with protruding elements 26, 27. Part (a) of FIG. 13shows a structure or arrangement of protruding elements 26 as also shownin FIG. 1. Part (b) of FIG. 13 shows a structure or arrangement ofprotruding elements 26, 27 as also shown in FIGS. 9 and 10.

FIG. 14: shows two further embodiments of a hydrophobic, gas-retainingfiber. Parts (a) and (b) of FIG. 14 show fibers 40 which each have aring structure of protruding elements 26, 27 corresponding to thestructures shown in parts (a) and (b) of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15: shows a further embodiment of a hydrophobic, gas-retainingfiber.

FIG. 16a : shows a perspective view of a preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 16b : shows a perspective view of a preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 16c : shows a perspective view of a preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 16d : shows a perspective view of a preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 17a : shows a plan view of the gas-retaining layer shown in FIG.16.

FIG. 17b : shows a plan view of a further preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 17c : shows a plan view of a further preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 17d : shows a plan view of a further preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 18: shows a preferred gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 19: shows different surface structures: part (a) shows a surfacestructure composed of eggbeater-shaped elements; part (b) shows asurface structure composed of coronet-shaped elements; part (c) shows asurface structure composed of hydrophobic hairs; and part (d) shows asurface structure composed of turret-like elements.

FIG. 20: shows an arrangement of a gas-retaining layer on a ship wall.

FIG. 21: shows a surface structure composed of depressions.

FIG. 22: shows a surface structure composed of depressions withhydrophobic coating.

FIG. 23: shows a ship whose wall is equipped with a multiplicity oftiles with a gas-retaining layer.

FIG. 24: shows a surface covering, or tile, which has partitions 42. Aside view of tile with compartment structure is shown. The tile surfaceis divided into individual air chambers (“compartments”) between whichthe exchange of gas is prevented by barriers which dock onto the liquid(and are thus preferably hydrophilic in the case of water as liquid).

FIG. 25: shows a tile or slab. A top view of an air-retaining tile withcompartment structure is shown.

FIG. 26: shows a section through a ship wall equipped with tiles. AnExemplary embodiment is shown: ship wall with air tile, compartmentstructure and hair structure under water with retained air layer.

FIG. 27: shows (a) a gas-retaining layer with a single-stage system ofprojections, wherein all of the projections have substantially the samelongitudinal extent and (b) a gas-retaining layer with a two-stagesystem of projections, wherein projections are divided into short andlong projections.

FIG. 28: shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed by a rough surface.An air inclusion under water with rough surface is shown (roughness on alength scale of preferably 10 mm to 3 mm. Hierarchial. Roughness ondifferent scales possible). Hydrophilic pins provided in the preferredvariant.

FIG. 29: shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed by a rough surface.Part (a) shows a gas-retaining layer with a rough surface which is inthe form of a single-stage system; part (b) shows a gas-retaining layerwith a rough surface which is in the form of a two-stage system; andpart (c) shows a gas-retaining layer with a rough surface which is inthe form of a three-stage system.

FIG. 30: shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement. Part (a) shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on afiliform element. Part (b) shows a filiform or fiber-like element with agas-retaining layer which is in the form of a two-stage system.

FIG. 31: shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement.

FIG. 32: shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement.

FIG. 33: shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Use According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to the use of a gas-retaining layer which isdesigned, and arranged on a body that can be immersed in a liquid, so asto make contact at least regionally by way of a liquid-facing side, witha liquid when the body is immersed, at least regionally, in the liquid,

wherein a gas layer which is retained in the immersed region of thegas-retaining layer separates the liquid and the immersed region of thebody from one another at least regionally.

It is advantageously possible by means of the gas-retaining layer for asubstantially constant gas volume to be retained on the body for apredetermined, in particular arbitrary, length of time, such that thebody can be separated from the liquid surrounding the body by thegas-retaining layer or by the gas retained by said layer. In particular,the body can advantageously be protected from corrosive liquids in thisway. Furthermore, it is advantageously possible for the flow resistanceof the body in the case of a relative movement between body and liquidto be reduced.

Within the context of the application, the body may be any solid bodywhich can be immersed, at least regionally, in a liquid. In other words,the body, when immersed in the liquid, cannot dissolve in said liquidand is not destroyed by the acting liquid pressure. Here, the liquidpressure may on the one hand act from the outside in the direction ofthe centre of gravity of the body if the body is immersed in the liquid,and may on the other hand act from the inside if the liquid fills acavity of the body. Exemplary bodies within the context of thisapplication are ships, buoys, pontoons, conduits, pipelines, underseacables, oil drilling platforms, gas drilling platforms, foundations andwater-exposed parts of offshore installations (in particular wind parksfor electricity generation), underwater structures, underwaterinstallations, liquid-exposed measurement equipment, shorelinestructures, vessels and conduits for liquids or parts thereof. The bodypreferably comprises a substantially rigid wall which is subjected tothe liquid pressure. The wall of the body is particularly preferably ofresilient, in particular elastically deformable form.

The liquid, which may surround the body at least regionally or which mayfill the body at least regionally, is in particular water (both freshwater and also sea water) or an aqueous solution, though the liquid mayalso comprise alcohols, alkanes, oils, polar and non-polar solvents andother organic and inorganic liquids.

The gas-retaining layer may be used to entirely or partially cover orform a face or surface of the body. Here, the gas-retaining layer may bedetachably or non-detachably fastened to the body. The surface coveringmay preferably be in the form of a coating on the body. After thefastening of the gas-retaining layer to the body, the gas-retaininglayer can form the surface of the body at least regionally or beregarded as a part of the body. In particular, the gas-retaining layeris attached to the body, so that the liquid cannot pass between thegas-retaining layer and the body.

The at least gas-retaining layer has a liquid-facing side and abody-facing side. The gas-retaining layer is designed such that, duringoperational use of the body, a gas of the gas-retaining layer is held incontact with the gas-retaining layer, wherein, by means of the gas, theliquid-facing side of the gas-retaining layer is at least partially,preferably entirely, spaced apart from the contact surface or interfacebetween the retained gas and the liquid (liquid-gas interface). The gaswhich is retained by the gas-retaining layer is, within the context ofthe application, not part of the gas-retaining layer or of the body butpart of a gas-containing layer which comprises the gas-retaining layerand the gas retained thereon. In other words, said retained gas is fixedby the gas-retaining layer such that, advantageously, it does not riseto the liquid surface and is not entrained by a liquid flow.

The gas-retaining layer may have a base or base ply which may preferablyhave structural elements such as projections, protruding elements and/orrecesses, which are in particular designed so as to retain the gas, andwhich are preferably formed integrally with the base. The base may be ofmesh-like form or in the form of a closed ply.

The gas-retaining layer accordingly also has a contact surface betweenthe gas contained in the gas-retaining layer and a solid material. Theliquid-facing side or the gas-facing side of the gas-retaining layer ispreferably of hydrophobic form or may be coated with a hydrophobicmaterial. Within the context of this application, the expression“hydrophobic” means the same as “liquid-repellent”, that is to say“liquidophobic”. The expression “hydrophobic” duly implies that theliquid is water or an aqueous solution or generally a polar solvent. Itis however self-evident that the selection of the liquid with whichcontact is to be made is crucial. If the liquid with which contact is tobe made is for example an alkane, the expression “hydrophobic” is alsoto be understood as “alkanophobic”.

The question of whether a surface or a material is liquid-repellent canbe determined on the basis of the contact angle of a liquid droplet on asurface of the material. The magnitude of the contact angle betweenliquid and solid is in this case dependent on the interaction betweenthe liquid and the solid at the contact surface. The weaker saidinteraction is, the greater the contact angle is. Hydrophilic solidsenclose contact angles from approximately 0° to approximately 90°, inparticular angles of less than approximately 80°, with the surface ofthe liquid, in particular with water. Contact angles of approximately90° and greater arise in the case of hydrophobic solids. Solids whichhave a contact angle of considerably greater than 90°, in particularcontact angles of approximately 160° and greater, with the liquid, inparticular with water, are referred to as superhydrophobic. Theexpression “hydrophobic” thus also encompasses the preferred case that amaterial is “superhydrophobic”.

The subject matter of the invention relates in particular to thecoexistence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions and/or elements.Within the context of the invention, it is thus the case in particularthat a first element is distinguished, as hydrophobic, from a second,hydrophilic, element even if both elements should be classed ashydrophobic or hydrophilic in accordance with the absolute criteriadescribed above with regard to the contact angle with a liquid, but thefirst element is more hydrophobic than the second element. In otherwords, the relatively hydrophobic element or the relatively hydrophobicregion is referred to as hydrophobic, and the relatively hydrophilic,that is to say less hydrophobic element or the relatively hydrophilicregions are referred to as hydrophilic. In other words, within thecontext of the invention, the expressions hydrophobic and hydrophiliccan describe a relative hydrophobicity or a contrast in hydrophobicity.

During operational use, the gas-retaining layer may for example be fedwith air, carbon dioxide or some other gas.

The gas-retaining layer preferably has recesses and/or depressions atleast regionally on the liquid-facing side. The surface of thegas-retaining layer may preferably be of hydrophobic form in the regionof the recesses and/or depressions. For example, the material of thegas-retaining layer may be composed of a hydrophobic material.Alternatively, the gas-retaining layer may comprise a hydrophilicmaterial which is provided regionally with a hydrophobic coating. Inparticular, the hydrophobic coating may be formed only on the walls ofthe recesses or depressions. The gas-retaining layer is particularlypreferably composed at least regionally of a porous material, whereinthe recesses or depressions are formed by pores that are connected tothe surface.

The gas-retaining layer preferably has projections or protrudingelements at least regionally on the liquid-facing side, wherein thesurface of the gas-retaining layer is substantially hydrophobic in theregion of the projections or protruding elements. The spacing betweenthe protruding elements is expediently dimensioned such that no liquiddroplets can become disposed between the protruding elements. Theindividual droplets of the liquid are advantageously borne by amultiplicity of protruding elements, such that the interface betweenliquid and the gas situated between the protruding elements issubstantially in the form of an envelope of the protruding elements. Inparticular, the spacing between two adjacent protruding elements may beapproximately 50 μm to approximately 500 μm, preferably approximately100 μm to approximately 200 μm.

The projections or protruding elements preferably have a central surfaceregion which is hydrophilic and which is surrounded by a hydrophobicsurface region of the projections or protruding elements. The interfacebetween the liquid and the gas is advantageously localized at theregions which are of hydrophilic form. In this way, it is furthermoreadvantageously achieved that detachment of gas bubbles by a flow of theliquid is prevented.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably divided into a multiplicity ofsub-regions (also referred to as “compartments”) by fluid-impermeablepartitions. The partitions (42) are preferably at least regionally orentirely of hydrophilic form or provided at least regionally or entirelywith a hydrophilic surface. A fluid is to be understood to mean a gas, aliquid and a mixture of these. Consequently, the partition prevents aliquid flow or a gas flow between adjacent sub-regions. It isadvantageously the case that, in the presence of a pressure differencebetween two adjacent sub-regions, the partitions prevent gas fromflowing away from one sub-region to the adjacent sub-region and as aresult the flow resistance in relation to a liquid with which contact ismade being locally increased and, by contrast, excess gas being releasedinto the liquid from the sub-region into which the gas flows.

The partitions may preferably be formed in one piece or integrallytogether with further elements of the gas-retaining layer. It isfurthermore preferable for a multiplicity of hydrophobic protrudingelements to be situated in a two-dimensional arrangement in all of thesub-regions of the gas-retaining layer.

The gas-retaining layer preferably comprises an embossed plastics resinor an embossed lacquer. In particular, the gas-retaining layer may becast from a liquid plastics resin, wherein preferably protrudingelements are formed integrally or in one piece with a base ply of thegas-retaining layer and/or with the gas-permeable ply. In particular,the base ply of the gas-retaining layer may be identical to thegas-permeable ply. The gas-retaining layer is particularly preferablyformed, by means of the plastics resin or the lacquer, indirectly ordirectly on the wall of the immersible body. In particular, thegas-retaining layer can be used to realize a surface coating or surfaceseal of the body.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably coated at least regionally withpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), also known under the trade name Teflon,or with the derivatives thereof. In particular, the coating may alsocomprise microparticles or nanoparticles of polytetrafluoroethylene orother materials. The coating composed of PTFE advantageously acts as ahydrophobic layer and as an anti-adhesion agent, such that adhesion ofliquids or solids to the gas-retaining layer is prevented. The coatingof the gas-retaining layer is preferably approximately 0.15 nm toapproximately 500 nm thick.

The liquid is preferably water, and the body is preferably a watercraftwhose wall is immersed, at least regionally, in the water when thewatercraft is in an operating position.

It is advantageously the case that the water, in particular sea water,at least regionally cannot wet the wall of the watercraft, such that thewatercraft is protected against the influence of the water. Thewatercraft may for example be a ship, a drilling platform or a buoy. Theinfluence of the water refers in particular to the corrosion of the wallof the watercraft. Sea water or brackish water in particular promote thecorrosion of the wall of the watercraft owing to their salt content.Since the contact between the water and the wall of the watercraft isprevented by means of the interposed gas which is retained by thegas-retaining layer, corrosion is also reduced.

A further advantage consists in that the fouling of the wall of thewatercraft by organisms living in the water, for example algae, mussels,barnacles and others, is prevented. The gas layer makes it difficult forsaid organisms to attach to the wall of the watercraft. In other words,the surface covering according to the invention has an antifoulingaction, wherein it is advantageously possible to dispense with biocides,the poisonous substances of which dissolve in the water over time. Owingto the reduced adhesion of organisms on the wall of the watercraft, theflow resistance of the watercraft is also reduced.

It is preferably the case that between the gas-retaining layer ischarged with a gas at least regionally so as to reduce the flowresistance between the water and the watercraft. In particular, the gaslayer may have a thickness of approximately 10 nm to approximately 10mm, preferably from approximately 500 nm to approximately 3 mm, inparticular approximately 0.1 mm to approximately 3 mm. If the gas layeris intended to serve merely for corrosion prevention, even a relativelythin gas layer with a thickness of approximately 5 nm to approximately 3mm, preferably of approximately 50 nm to approximately 1 nm, inparticular of approximately 100 nm to approximately 100 μm, may sufficein order to obtain the corrosion prevention action. Since the gas layerdecouples the wall of the watercraft from the water flowing past, and inparticular, the contact surface between the gas and the water can bedeformed by the flow, such that an extremely streamlined contact surfaceis formed, the flow resistance of the watercraft as it travels throughthe water is advantageously reduced. In particular, the fuel consumptionof the watercraft can advantageously be reduced owing to the reducedflow resistance between the watercraft and the water.

A corrosion prevention coating and/or an antifouling coating ispreferably arranged between the gas-retaining layer and the wall of thewatercraft, wherein the gas-retaining layer separates the corrosionprevention coating and/or the antifouling coating from the water atleast regionally.

The corrosion prevention coating is generally formed as a paint coat onthe wall of the watercraft and may contain poisonous substances such as,for example, heavy metals. The dissolution of said poisonous substancesfrom the corrosion prevention coating in the water is reduced orprevented by the arrangement of the gas-retaining layer between thecorrosion prevention coating and the water. In this way, contaminationof the water, in particular of the sea water, with poisonous substancesis advantageously prevented. In particular, heavy metals are preventedfrom passing from a corrosion prevention paint coat into the water andaccumulating in the food chain there.

Alternatively or in addition, an antifouling coating may be formed onthe wall of the watercraft, for example in the form of a paint coat onthe wall. The antifouling coating generally includes biocides, that isto say poisonous substances which are lethal to the organisms thatadhere to the wall of the watercraft. The dissolution of said poisonoussubstances from the antifouling coating in the water is reduced orprevented by the arrangement of the gas-retaining layer between theantifouling coating and the water. In this way, contamination of thewater, in particular of the sea water, with the biocides isadvantageously prevented. In particular, the biocides are prevented fromharming or killing organisms living in the water, such as for exampleplankton, which would disrupt the food chain in the water.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably fed with a fouling-inhibiting gas.The fouling-inhibiting gas may for example contain carbon dioxide inorder that the organisms that have accumulated on the wall of thewatercraft are deprived of oxygen or saturated with carbon dioxide. Saidorganisms thus die off without the need to use a toxic substance in anantifouling coating. This advantageously leads to reduced contaminationof the water with poisonous substances.

The body is preferably a vessel wall which can be wetted with a liquidand on the wall of which the gas-retaining layer is arranged at leastregionally.

It is advantageously the case that the liquid at least regionally cannotwet the vessel wall, such that the vessel wall is protected against theinfluence of the liquid. The vessel that has the vessel wall may forexample be a tank, a conduit, a reactor or the like. The influence ofthe liquid refers in particular to the corrosion of the vessel wall, thechemical reaction of the liquid with the vessel wall, or the mechanicalloading of the vessel wall by particles contained in the liquid. Thecorrosion of the vessel wall is promoted in particular by saltysolutions, brines or acids. Since the contact between the liquid and thevessel wall is prevented by the gas which is arranged in between andwhich is retained by the gas-retaining layer, corrosion is also reduced.

The vessel wall particularly preferably comprises a sensor window onwhich a gas-retaining layer is arranged. The detection of sensor datacan advantageously be improved because no deposits, for exampleparticles or organisms, can accumulate on the sensor window. Inparticular, the sensor window and/or the gas-retaining layer isoptically transparent.

A corrosion prevention coating is preferably arranged between thegas-retaining layer and the wall of the vessel, wherein thegas-retaining layer separates the corrosion prevention coating from theliquid at least regionally.

The corrosion prevention coating is generally in the form of a paintcoat on the vessel wall or formed by galvanizing or anodizing, and maycontain poisonous substances such as, for example, heavy metals. Thedissolution of said poisonous substances from the corrosion preventioncoating in the liquid is reduced or prevented by the arrangement of thegas-retaining layer between the corrosion protection coating and theliquid. In this way, contamination of the liquid, in particular withpoisonous substances, is advantageously prevented. In particular, saidsubstances from the corrosion prevention coating are prevented frominfluencing a chemical reaction within the vessel.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably charged with gas from abody-facing side, situated opposite the liquid-facing side, of thegas-retaining layer.

A gas-permeable ply is preferably arranged on the body-facing side onthe gas-retaining layer. In other words, the gas-permeable ply may bearranged on and/or fastened to the body-facing side of the gas-retaininglayer. Alternatively, the gas-permeable ply may also be formed in onepiece with the gas-retaining layer or may be an integral constituentpart of the gas-retaining layer. A gas can be fed to the gas-retaininglayer through the liquid-facing side of the gas-permeable ply, which maybe in contact with the body-facing side of the gas-retaining layer. Inother words, the gas-permeable ply may be permeable to a gas, inparticular in a direction oriented perpendicular to the body-facing sideof the gas-retaining ply.

The gas-permeable ply is preferably in the form of a liquid-impermeableand/or hydrophobic ply. The liquid advantageously can not flow throughthe gas-permeable ply in the direction of the body, for example if theliquid pressure is temporarily higher than the gas pressure in thegas-permeable ply. In other words, the gas-permeable ply repels waterand other polar solvents, whereby said polar solvents are advantageouslyprevented from ingressing into the gas-permeable ply.

A gas feed device is preferably connected to the gas-permeable ply suchthat gas can flow from a gas feed device to the gas-retaining layerthrough the gas-permeable ply.

It is advantageously possible for gas to be fed to the gas-retaininglayer by means of the gas feed device and via the gas-permeable ply. Inparticular, it is possible for at least the amount of gas that escapesfrom the gas-retaining layer into the surrounding liquid to be fed in.In this way, it is advantageously possible for a substantially constantgas volume to be kept within the gas-retaining layer for any desiredlength of time, whereby the body and the surrounding liquid can bepermanently separated by means of the gas in the gas-retaining layer.

The gas may be provided by means of the gas feed device, which isconnected to the gas-permeable ply. The gas feed device may preferablybe a ply of a porous material with a continuous pore space, such thatgas can flow from the gas feed device to the gas-retaining layer throughthe gas-permeable ply.

The gas-permeable ply preferably comprises a woven or non-woven textile,a flock material, a porous ceramic, a porous metal, a felt composed ofpolymer or metal fibers, and/or a metal wire mesh. The gas-permeable plymay for example be woven from polymer fibers or be composed of a felt ornonwoven composed of polymer fibers. A gas-permeable ply composed of apolymer may be connected to the gas-retaining layer in particular bylamination. The gas-permeable ply may alternatively or additionallycomprise a fabric composed of metal wire, in particularcorrosion-resistant metal wire, for example rust-resistant high-gradesteel wire, whereby a high level of mechanical tear resistance andresistance to UV radiation and chemical influences is advantageouslyobtained. Alternatively, the gas-permeable ply may also comprise a flockmaterial, for example polymer flock or elastomer flock, composed inparticular of a foamed material. The weight of the gas-permeable ply canadvantageously be reduced in this way. Furthermore, the gas-permeableply may preferably comprise a sintered material, such as for example aporous sintered material composed of metal particles. The gas-permeableply may preferably be connected to the gas-retaining layer by way of anadhesive. Alternatively, the gas-retaining layer and the gas-permeableply may be connected to one another by welding, in particular ultrasoundwelding (ultrasonic welding). The gas-retaining layer and thegas-permeable ply are particularly preferably formed in one piece withone another, for example from a polymer by way of a (continuous) moldingor casting process.

The gas-permeable ply is preferably in the form of a poroussemipermeable membrane. The gas-permeable ply may in particular be inthe form of a gas-permeable foil composed of a polymer. Gas-permeablefoils may for example have a thickness of approximately 0.5 μm to 5 μm.It is possible in this way to provide a surface covering with a smallthickness and a low weight. In particular, foils composed of a polymercan be connected to the gas-retaining layer by lamination.

The gas feed device is preferably in the form of a gas-permeable layerwhich is arranged on the body-facing side of the gas-permeable layer. Inparticular, the gas feed device may also comprise a porous materialwhich has continuous pores. The gas permeability through the gas feeddevice is expediently higher than the gas permeability through thegas-permeable ply.

The gas feed device is preferably in the form of an aerenchyma. Anaerenchyma is an air passage structure in aquatic plants which permitsgas transport and gas storage. In particular, the expression“aerenchyma” is understood to mean a form of plant base structure inwhich the intercellular spaces are so large that a true “air passagestructure” is formed. This is encountered in particular in marsh plantsand aquatic plants and serves for the gas exchange of the immersed plantorgans.

In other words, the gas feed device is in the form of a gas store, suchthat, with rising liquid pressure, gas can be displaced via thegas-permeable ply back into the gas feed device and stored there inorder that it can be displaced into the gas-retaining layer again viathe gas-permeable ply in the event of a decrease in liquid pressure. Thegas feed device may for example have a porous material in which gas canbe stored. Furthermore, the material may be resiliently expandable suchthat the volume increases with rising gas pressure, and gas can beforced through the gas-permeable ply into the gas-retaining layer owingto the resilient force of the material. It is furthermore preferable forthe inner walls of the gas feed device, which come into contact with thegas, to be at least regionally of hydrophobic form. It is advantageouslypossible for the gas from the gas-retaining layer to be temporarilystored in the gas feed device, rather than being released from thegas-retaining layer, in the event of liquid pressure fluctuations.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably charged with gas from theliquid-facing side of the gas-retaining layer.

It is preferable for at least one gas discharge device to be providedwhich has a gas discharge opening at the liquid-facing side of thegas-retaining layer, wherein a gas feed device is provided which isconnected to the gas discharge device, wherein gas provided by the gasfeed device flows out of the gas discharge device and is at leastpartially received by the gas-retaining layer.

The gas discharge device preferably extends through the gas-retaininglayer. In other words, a gas discharge opening of the gas dischargedevice is arranged at the liquid-facing side of the gas-retaining layer.

The gas feed device is preferably in the form of a gas-permeable layerwhich is arranged on the body-facing side of the gas-permeable layer.The gas feed device is particularly preferably in the form of anaerenchyma. The gas feed device can advantageously be fluidicallyconnected in a simple manner to a multiplicity of gas discharge devices,wherein the gas discharge devices may in particular be arranged in aregular or irregular manner over an area.

Watercraft According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to a watercraft having:

-   -   a wall which is immersed, at least regionally, in water when the        watercraft is in an operating position, wherein an at least        partially gas-retaining layer is arranged on a side facing        toward the water; and having:    -   a gas-permeable ply which is arranged on a wall-facing side,        situated opposite the water-facing side, between the        gas-retaining layer and the wall;    -   a gas feed device which is connected to the gas-permeable ply        such that gas can flow from the gas feed device to the        gas-retaining layer through the gas-permeable ply, or having:    -   at least one gas discharge device which has a gas discharge        opening at the water-facing side of the gas-retaining layer;    -   a gas feed device which is connected to the gas discharge        device, wherein gas provided by the gas feed device can flow out        of the gas discharge device and can be at least partially        received by the gas-retaining layer.

It is preferable for a corrosion prevention coating and/or anantifouling coating to be arranged between the gas-retaining layer andthe wall of the watercraft, wherein the gas-retaining layer separatesthe corrosion prevention coating and/or the antifouling coating from thewater at least regionally.

The gas-retaining layer can preferably be fed with a fouling-inhibitinggas.

One aspect relates to a liquid vessel comprising:

-   -   a vessel wall which can be wetted at least regionally with a        liquid, wherein an at least partially gas-retaining layer is        arranged on a side, which faces toward the liquid, of the vessel        wall; and comprising:    -   a gas-permeable ply which is arranged on a wall-facing side,        situated opposite the water-facing side, between the        gas-retaining layer and the vessel wall; and    -   a gas feed device which is connected to the gas-permeable ply        such that gas can flow from the gas feed device to the        gas-retaining layer through the gas-permeable ply, or        comprising:    -   at least one gas discharge device which has a gas discharge        opening at the liquid-facing side of the gas-retaining layer;        and    -   a gas feed device which is connected to the gas discharge        device, wherein gas provided by the gas feed device can flow out        of the gas discharge device and can be at least partially        received by the gas-retaining layer.

It is preferable for a corrosion prevention coating to be arrangedbetween the gas-retaining layer and the wall of the liquid vessel,wherein the gas-retaining layer separates the corrosion preventioncoating from the liquid at least regionally.

Surface Covering According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to a surface covering for a body that can be placedin contact with a liquid, comprising:

-   -   an at least partially gas-retaining layer which is designed and        arranged so as to make contact, at least regionally by way of a        liquid-facing side, with the liquid;    -   a gas-permeable ply which is arranged on a body-facing side,        situated opposite the liquid-facing side, on the gas-retaining        layer or which is formed integrally with the gas-retaining        layer;    -   a gas feed device which is connected to the gas-permeable ply        such that gas can flow from the gas feed device to the        gas-retaining layer through the gas-permeable ply.

It is advantageously possible for gas to be fed to the gas-retaininglayer by means of the gas feed device and via the gas-permeable ply. Inparticular, it is possible for at least the amount of gas that escapesfrom the gas-retaining layer into the surrounding liquid to be fed in.In this way, it is advantageously possible for a substantially constantgas volume to be kept within the gas-retaining layer for any desiredlength of time, whereby the body and the surrounding liquid can bepermanently separated by means of the gas in the gas-retaining layer. Inparticular, the body can advantageously be protected from corrosiveliquids in this way. Furthermore, it is advantageously possible for theflow resistance of the body in the case of a relative movement betweenbody and liquid to be reduced.

Within the context of the application, the body that can be placed incontact with the liquid may be any solid body which can be immersed, atleast regionally, in a liquid. In other words, the body, when immersedin the liquid, does not dissolve in said liquid and is likewise notdestroyed by the acting liquid pressure. Here, the liquid pressure mayon the one hand act from the outside in the direction of the center ofgravity of the body if the body is immersed in the liquid, and may onthe other hand act from the inside if the liquid fills a cavity of thebody. Exemplary bodies within the context of this application are ships,buoys, pontoons, shoreline structures, vessels and conduits for liquids.The body preferably comprises a substantially rigid wall which issubjected to the liquid pressure. The wall of the body is particularlypreferably of resilient, in particular elastically deformable form.

Within the context of the application, the expression “resilient”encompasses in particular that the wall of the body can be deformedunder the action of an external force, such as for example the liquidpressure, wherein the deformation is substantially fully reversed whenthe external force ceases to act, that is to say the body substantiallyreturns to its original shape or position after the external force hasacted.

The liquid, which may surround the body at least regionally or which mayfill the body, may comprise in particular water (both fresh water andalso sea water) and aqueous solutions, but also alcohols, alkanes, oils,polar and non-polar solvents and other organic and inorganic liquids.

The surface covering may entirely or partially cover a face or surfaceof the body. Furthermore, the surface covering may be detachably ornon-detachably fastened to the body. In particular, the surface coveringmay be in the form of a coating on the body. After the fastening of thesurface covering to the body, the surface covering can be regarded as apart of the body.

The at least partially gas-retaining layer has a liquid-facing side anda body-facing side. The gas-retaining layer is designed such that,during operational use of the body or the surface covering, a gas of thegas-retaining layer is held in contact with the gas-retaining layer,wherein, by means of the gas, the liquid-facing side of thegas-retaining layer is at least partially, preferably entirely, spacedapart from the contact surface or interface between the retained gas andthe liquid (liquid-gas interface). The gas which is retained by thegas-retaining layer is, within the context of the application, not partof the gas-retaining layer or of the surface covering but part of agas-containing layer which comprises the gas-retaining layer and the gasretained thereon. In other words, said retained gas is fixed by thegas-retaining layer such that, advantageously, it does not rise to theliquid surface and is not entrained by a liquid flow.

The gas-retaining layer may have a base or base ply which may preferablyhave structural elements such as projections, protruding elements and/orrecesses, which are in particular designed so as to retain the gas, andwhich are preferably formed integrally with the base. The base may be ofmesh-like form or in the form of a closed ply.

The gas-retaining layer accordingly also has a contact surface betweenthe gas contained in the layer and a solid material. The liquid-facingside or the gas-facing side of the gas-retaining layer is of hydrophobicform or may be coated with a hydrophobic material. Within the context ofthis application, the expression “hydrophobic” means the same as“liquid-repellent”, that is to say “liquidophobic”. The expression“hydrophobic” duly implies that the liquid is water or an aqueoussolution or generally a polar solvent. It is however self-evident thatthe selection of the liquid with which contact is to be made is crucial.If the liquid with which contact is to be made is for example an alkane,the expression “hydrophobic” is also to be understood as “alkanophobic”.

The question of whether a surface or a material is liquid-repellent canbe determined on the basis of the contact angle of a liquid droplet on asurface of the material. The magnitude of the contact angle betweenliquid and solid is in this case dependent on the interaction betweenthe liquid and the solid at the contact surface. The weaker saidinteraction is, the greater the contact angle is. Hydrophilic solidsenclose contact angles from approximately 0° to approximately 90°, inparticular angles of less than approximately 80°, with the surface ofthe liquid, in particular with water. Contact angles of approximately90° and greater arise in the case of hydrophobic solids. Solids whichhave a contact angle of considerably greater than 90°, in particularcontact angles of approximately 160° and greater, with the liquid, inparticular with water, are referred to as superhydrophobic. Theexpression “hydrophobic” thus also encompasses the preferred case that amaterial is “superhydrophobic”.

The gas-permeable ply is arranged on and/or fastened to the body-facingside of the gas-retaining layer. Alternatively, the gas-permeable plymay also be formed in one piece with the gas-retaining layer or may bean integral constituent part of the gas-retaining layer. A gas can befed to the gas-retaining layer through the liquid-facing side of thegas-permeable ply, which may be in contact with the body-facing side ofthe gas-retaining layer. In other words, the gas-permeable ply ispermeable to a gas, in particular in a direction oriented perpendicularto the body-facing side of the gas-retaining layer.

The gas fed to the gas-retaining layer may for example be air, nitrogen,carbon dioxide or some other gas. The gas may be provided by means ofthe gas feed device, which is connected to the gas-permeable ply. Thegas feed device may preferably be a ply of a porous material with acontinuous pore space, such that gas can flow from the gas feed deviceto the gas-retaining layer through the gas-permeable ply.

The gas-permeable ply is preferably impermeable to liquid, in particularimpermeable to water or impervious to liquid. It is advantageouslypossible for a gas to flow from the gas feed device to the gas-retaininglayer counter to the liquid pressure, but the liquid cannot flow throughthe gas-permeable ply in the direction of the gas feed device, forexample if the liquid pressure is temporarily higher than the gaspressure in the gas feed device.

The gas-permeable ply preferably comprises a woven or non-woven textile,a flock material, a porous ceramic, a porous metal, a felt composed ofpolymer or metal fibers, and/or a metal wire mesh. The gas-permeable plymay for example be woven from polymer fibers or be composed of a felt ornonwoven composed of polymer fibers. A gas-permeable ply composed of apolymer may be connected to the gas-retaining layer in particular bylamination. The gas-permeable ply may alternatively or additionallycomprise a fabric composed of metal wire, in particularcorrosion-resistant metal wire, for example rust-resistant high-gradesteel wire, whereby a high level of mechanical tear resistance andresistance to UV radiation and chemical influences is advantageouslyobtained. Alternatively, the gas-permeable ply may also comprise a flockmaterial, for example polymer flock or elastomer flock, composed inparticular of a foamed material. The weight of the gas-permeable ply canadvantageously be reduced in this way. Furthermore, the gas-permeableply may preferably comprise a sintered material, such as for example aporous sintered material composed of metal particles. The gas-permeableply may preferably be connected to the gas-retaining layer by way of anadhesive. Alternatively, the gas-retaining layer and the gas-permeableply may be connected to one another by welding, in particular ultrasoundwelding (ultrasonic welding). The gas-retaining layer and thegas-permeable ply are particularly preferably formed in one piece withone another, for example from a polymer by way of a (continuous) moldingor casting process.

The gas-permeable ply is preferably in the form of a porous, inparticular microporous or nanoporous, semipermeable membrane. Thegas-permeable ply may in particular be in the form of a gas-permeablefoil composed of a polymer. Gas-permeable foils may for example have athickness of approximately 0.5 μm to 5 μm. It is possible in this way toprovide a surface covering with a small thickness and a low weight. Inparticular, foils composed of a polymer can be connected to thegas-retaining layer by lamination.

The gas-permeable ply is preferably in the form of a hydrophobic orsuperhydrophobic ply. In other words, the gas-permeable ply repels waterand other polar solvents, whereby said polar solvents are advantageouslyprevented from ingressing into the gas-permeable ply.

The gas feed device is preferably in the form of a gas-permeable layerwhich is arranged on the body-facing side of the gas-permeable layer. Inparticular, the gas feed device may also comprise a porous materialwhich has continuous pores. The gas permeability through the gas feeddevice is expediently higher than the gas permeability through thegas-permeable ply.

The gas feed device is preferably in the form of an aerenchyma. Anaerenchyma is an air passage structure in aquatic plants which permitsgas transport and gas storage. In particular, the expression“aerenchyma” is understood to mean a form of plant base structure inwhich the intercellular spaces are so large that a true “air passagestructure” is formed. This is encountered in particular in marsh plantsand aquatic plants and serves for the gas exchange of the immersed plantorgans.

In other words, the gas feed device is in the form of a gas store, suchthat, with rising liquid pressure, gas can be displaced via thegas-permeable ply back into the gas feed device and stored there inorder that it can be displaced into the gas-retaining layer again viathe gas-permeable ply in the event of a decrease in liquid pressure. Thegas feed device may for example have a porous material in which gas canbe stored. Furthermore, the material may be resiliently expandable suchthat the volume increases with rising gas pressure, and gas can beforced through the gas-permeable ply into the gas-retaining layer owingto the resilient force of the material. It is furthermore preferable forthe inner walls of the gas feed device, which come into contact with thegas, to be at least regionally of hydrophobic form. It is advantageouslypossible for the gas from the gas-retaining layer to be temporarilystored in the gas feed device, rather than being released from thegas-retaining layer, in the event of liquid pressure fluctuations.

The gas-retaining layer preferably has recesses or depressions at leastregionally on the liquid-facing side, wherein the surface of thegas-retaining layer is preferably of hydrophobic form in the region ofthe recesses or depressions. For example, the material of thegas-retaining layer may be composed of a hydrophobic material.Alternatively, the gas-retaining layer may comprise a hydrophilicmaterial which is provided regionally with a hydrophobic coating. Inparticular, the hydrophobic coating may be formed only on the walls ofthe recesses or depressions. The gas-retaining layer is particularlypreferably composed at least regionally of a porous material, whereinthe recesses or depressions are formed by pores that are connected tothe surface.

The gas-retaining layer preferably has projections or protrudingelements at least regionally on the liquid-facing side, wherein thesurface of the gas-retaining layer is substantially hydrophobic in theregion of the projections or protruding elements. The spacing betweenthe protruding elements is expediently dimensioned such that no liquiddroplets can become disposed between the protruding elements. Theindividual droplets of the liquid are advantageously borne by amultiplicity of protruding elements, such that the interface betweenliquid and the gas situated between the protruding elements issubstantially in the form of an envelope of the protruding elements. Inparticular, the spacing between two adjacent protruding elements may beapproximately 50 μm to approximately 500 μm, preferably approximately100 μm to approximately 200 μm.

The projections or protruding elements preferably have a central surfaceregion which is hydrophilic and which is surrounded by a hydrophobicsurface region of the projections or protruding elements. The interfacebetween the liquid and the gas is advantageously localized at theregions which are of hydrophilic form. In this way, it is furthermoreadvantageously achieved that detachment of gas bubbles by a flow of theliquid is prevented.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably divided into a multiplicity ofsub-regions (also referred to as “compartments”) by fluid-impermeablepartitions. A fluid is to be understood to mean a gas, a liquid and amixture of these. Consequently, the partition prevents a liquid flow ora gas flow between adjacent sub-regions. It is advantageously the casethat, in the presence of a pressure difference between two adjacentsub-regions, the partitions prevent gas from flowing away from onesub-region to the adjacent sub-region and the flow resistance inrelation to a liquid with which contact is made thereby being locallyincreased and, by contrast, excess gas being released into the liquidfrom the sub-region into which the gas flows.

The partitions may preferably be formed in one piece or integrallytogether with the further elements of the gas-retaining layer. It isfurthermore preferable for a multiplicity of hydrophobic protrudingelements to be situated in a two-dimensional arrangement in all of thesub-regions of the gas-retaining layer.

The gas-retaining layer preferably comprises an embossed plastics resinor an embossed lacquer. In particular, the gas-retaining layer may becast from a liquid plastics resin, wherein it is preferably possible forprotruding elements to be formed integrally or in one piece with a baseply of the gas-retaining layer and/or with the gas-permeable ply. Inparticular, the base ply of the gas-retaining layer may be identical tothe gas-permeable ply.

The gas-retaining layer is preferably coated at least regionally withpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), also known under the trade name Teflon,or with the derivatives thereof. In particular, the coating may alsocomprise microparticles or nanoparticles of polytetrafluoroethylene orother materials. The coating composed of PTFE advantageously acts as ahydrophobic layer and as an anti-adhesion agent, such that adhesion ofliquids or solids to the gas-retaining layer is prevented. The coatingof the gas-retaining layer is preferably approximately 0.15 nm toapproximately 500 nm thick.

Surface Covering According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to a surface covering for a body that can be placedin contact with a liquid, comprising:

-   -   an at least partially gas-retaining layer which is designed and        arranged so as to make contact, at least regionally by way of a        liquid-facing side, with the liquid;    -   at least one gas discharge device which has a gas discharge        opening at the liquid-facing side of the gas-retaining layer;    -   a gas feed device which is connected to the gas discharge        device, wherein gas is provided by the gas feed device can flow        out of the gas discharge device and can be at least partially        received by the gas-retaining layer.

The gas discharge device preferably extends through the gas-retaininglayer. In other words, a gas discharge opening of the gas dischargedevice is arranged at the liquid-facing side of the gas-retaining layer.

The gas feed device is preferably in the form of a gas-permeable layerwhich is arranged at the body-facing side of the gas-permeable layer.The gas feed device is particularly preferably in the form of anaerenchyma. The gas feed device can advantageously be fluidicallyconnected in a simple manner to a multiplicity of gas discharge devices,wherein the gas discharge devices may in particular be arranged in aregular or irregular manner over an area.

Furthermore, preferred features of the gas-retaining layer and of therecesses, depressions or protruding elements thereof, as have beendescribed with regard to the aspect of the invention above, may beprovided analogously in this embodiment.

Arrangement According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to an arrangement comprising:

-   -   a surface covering according to the invention, and    -   a gas source which is fluidically connected to the gas feed        device of the surface covering.

The gas source may preferably comprise a compressor, a pressure vesselfor the storage of gas, a gas-generating reactor or other devices thatcan provide gas at a gas pressure sufficient to cause the gas to flowinto the gas-retaining layer. The gas-generating reactor may preferablybe a combustion engine, the exhaust gases of which are utilized tomaintain the gas layer.

The arrangement preferably furthermore comprises:

-   -   at least one sensor device for determining the gas content in        the gas-retaining layer of the surface covering, and    -   a regulating device by means of which measurement data can be        received from the at least one sensor device and which regulates        the gas flow from the gas source to the gas feed device on the        basis of the received measurement data.

It is advantageously possible by means of the regulating device for aconstant gas pressure or a constant gas layer thickness to be maintainedwithin the gas-retaining layer. Preferred sensor devices may thereforecomprise pressure sensors, ultrasound sensors and/or sensors fordetermining the gas layer thickness. Alternatively, a regulating devicemay also be provided which is configured so as to feed gas to thegas-retaining layer at predetermined time intervals.

Use According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to the use of a surface covering according to theinvention, wherein the surface covering covers a face of a body at leastregionally, wherein, in the event that the body is immersed in a liquidat least regionally by way of the face covered by the surface covering,a gas layer permanently spaces the liquid and the immersed region apartfrom one another at least regionally.

It is advantageously the case that at least regionally cannot be wettedby the liquid, such that the body is protected from corrosive liquids.It is furthermore advantageously the case that the body can be movedrelative to the liquid with reduced expenditure of force, because theflow resistance is reduced owing to the liquid-gas interface.

The body may in particular be a ship, such that the fuel consumption canadvantageously be reduced owing to the reduced flow resistance betweenthe ship wall and the water. Furthermore, the gas layer between the shipwall and the water advantageously protects against corrosion of theship, in particular in sea water, and against fouling with organisms,for example algae, mussels, barnacles and others. In other words, thesurface covering according to the invention has an antifouling action,wherein it is advantageously possible to dispense with biocides, thepoisonous substances of which dissolve in the water over time.

The surface of the body is preferably a wall of a watercraft or of astructure arranged in the water, or an internal wall of a liquid vesselor of a liquid conduit.

Use According to One Aspect

One aspect relates to the use of a surface covering according to theinvention, wherein the surface covering covers a mounting face of a bodyat least regionally, wherein, in the event that the body is immersed ina liquid by way of the mounting face covered by the surface covering, agas layer permanently spaces the liquid and the mounting face apart fromone another, such that a second body to be mounted can be mounted on themounting face such that a gas layer is situated at least regionallybetween the body and the second body.

By means of the gas layer, it is advantageously possible for the secondbody to be mounted on the body substantially without contact and withoutfriction.

The face of the body is preferably a bore whose internal wall forms themounting surface. The second body to be mounted is then preferably ashaft, such that the arrangement composed of the body with surfacecovering and of the shaft has the action of a ball bearing.

FIG. 1 shows a wall 2 of a body which is designed to be immersed atleast regionally in a liquid 4. On the liquid-facing side of the wall 2,a surface covering 6 is arranged on and/or fastened to the wall 2 atleast regionally.

The surface covering 6 comprises an at least partially gas-retaininglayer 10 which makes contact, at least regionally by way of aliquid-facing side 10 a, with the liquid 4. The surface covering 6furthermore comprises a gas-permeable ply 12 which is arranged on and/orfastened to a body-facing side 10 b, situated opposite the liquid-facingside 10 a, of the gas-retaining layer 10. In the preferred embodimentshown in FIG. 1, the gas-retaining layer 10 and the gas-permeable ply 12are formed in one piece or integrally. It is however self-evident thatthe gas-retaining layer 10 and the gas-permeable ply 12 may be formedseparately from one another and connected to one another or fastened toone another.

The surface covering furthermore comprises a gas feed device 14 which isconnected to the gas-permeable ply 12. In other words, the gas feeddevice 14 and the gas-permeable ply 12 are at least fluidicallyconnected to one another such that gas can flow from the gas feed device14 to the gas-retaining layer 10 through the gas-permeable ply 12. Inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the gas feed device 14 is in the form ofa gas-conducting duct which is arranged between the gas-permeable ply 12and the wall 2. The gas feed device 14 may preferably also be in theform of a gas-permeable, in particular porous layer, wherein the porespace of the gas feed device particularly preferably has continuouspores such that gas can flow through the gas feed device along alongitudinal direction L. In this way, the gas feed device canadvantageously provide gas to the gas-permeable ply 12 over an area,which gas then flows through the gas-permeable ply 12 into thegas-retaining layer 10 preferably along an outflow direction A which maybe oriented substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction L.The gas feed device 14 may furthermore preferably serve for connectingthe gas-permeable ply 12, and the gas-retaining layer 10 connectedthereto, to the wall 2. The gas feed device 14 and the gas-permeable ply12 may for example be mechanically connected to one another, for exampleby adhesive bonding or lamination, such that the surface covering 6 canbe fastened to the body by virtue of a body-facing side of the gas feeddevice being fastened to the wall 2. It is furthermore preferablypossible for the gas-permeable ply 12 and the gas feed device 14 to beformed in one piece or integrally with one another. It is particularlypreferable for the gas-retaining layer 10, the gas-permeable ply 12 andthe gas feed device 14 to be formed together in one piece. The gas feeddevice 14 is fluidically connected by means of a gas feed device duct 16to a gas source 18, wherein the amount of gas flowing into the gas feeddevice 14 can be regulated or controlled by means of a valve 20 and aregulating device 22 connected to said valve. The preferred embodimentshown in FIG. 1 furthermore comprises a sensor device 24 which isconfigured to determine the gas content in the gas-retaining layer 10 ofthe surface covering 6. This may be performed for example by means ofthe reflection of an ultrasound signal or of an electromagnetic wave.The measurement of the gas content in the gas-retaining layer 10 ispreferably performed by the sensor device 24 in contactless fashion,such that the sensor device 24 does not need to be arranged such thatthe sensor device 24 is wetted by the liquid 4. In particular, thesensor device 24 may be arranged on a liquid-averted side of the wall 2,wherein the measurement of the gas content can preferably be performedthrough the wall 2. Based on the gas quantity within the gas-retaininglayer 10 of the surface covering 6 as measured by the sensor device 24,the regulating device 22 determines the amount of gas that must be fedto the gas-retaining layer 10 via the gas feed device 14 in order tokeep the amount of gas in the gas-retaining layer 10, or the thicknessof the gas layer in the gas-retaining layer 10, and thus the spacingbetween the liquid-gas contact face and the wall 2, constant.

The gas-retaining layer 10 comprises a multiplicity of protrudingelements 26 which are composed of a hydrophobic material or are coatedwith a hydrophobic material. The protruding elements 26 may be arrangedon the gas-retaining layer 10 at regular or irregular intervals alongthe longitudinal direction L. The gas that emerges via the gas-permeableply 12 is retained by the protruding elements 26 in the volumes situatedbetween them, such that the liquid 4 substantially cannot ingress intothe volumes formed between the protruding elements 26. In particular,the liquid 4 is prevented from wetting the gas-permeable ply 12. Theprotruding elements 26 shown in FIG. 1 have a turret structure, which isadvantageously particularly easy to produce. It is however self-evidentthat other designs of the protruding elements 26 can also lead to thedesired effect. Further advantageous designs of the protruding elements26 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 2 shows a section through a further embodiment of an arrangement ofa surface covering 6 on the wall 2 of a body. The gas-retaining layer 10comprises a multiplicity of protruding elements 26 in the form of thinhairs which have a diameter of approximately 1 μm to approximately 100μm and which are formed from a hydrophobic material. The protrudingelements 26 of the gas-retaining layer 10 are integrally connected to abase 10 c of the gas-retaining layer 10. The body-facing side 10 b ofthe gas-retaining layer 10 is arranged on and/or fastened to the wall 2of the body. The fastening of the gas-retaining layer 10 to the wall 2may be realized for example by adhesive bonding using an adhesive.Furthermore, the gas-retaining layer 10 may preferably also be formed byvirtue of a substantially liquid material being applied to the wall 2and solidifying there in the form of the gas-retaining layer 10.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 2 comprises a gas discharge device 28 whichis fluidically connected by means of a gas feed device 14, which is inthe form of a duct, to a regulable gas source 18. The regulation of theamount of gas fed to the gas-retaining layer 10 through the gasdischarge device 28 is regulated or controlled by means of the valve 20,the regulating device 22 and preferably by means of the sensor device24. Here, the control or regulation is performed analogously to theembodiment described with reference to FIG. 1.

By means of the gas discharge device 28, the gas is conducted into theintermediate spaces formed between the protruding elements 26. It isself-evident that the gas emerging from the gas discharge device 28 canflow along the longitudinal direction L through the intermediate spacesformed between the protruding elements 26. Since the embodiment shown inFIG. 2 has a gas source 18 which is arranged on a liquid-averted side ofthe wall 2, the gas feed device 14 extends through the wall 2 at atleast one point. It is self-evident that the gas feed device 14 mayextend along the longitudinal direction L both on the liquid-facing sideof the wall 2 and also on the liquid-averted side of the wall 2 in orderto provide a feed to a multiplicity of gas discharge devices 28.Accordingly, the wall 2 may have a multiplicity of passage openings,wherein each passage opening in the wall 2 is assigned a gas dischargedevice 28. It is thus advantageously possible for gas to be fed to thegas-retaining layer 10 over an area.

FIG. 3, parts (a) to (f) show different forms of the protruding elements26. The protruding elements may for example have a form corresponding tothe hairs on the leaves of the Salvinia molesta aquatic fern. Saidprotruding elements 26 comprise a stem 26 a which projects substantiallyat right angles from the base 10 c, from the stem head 26 b of whichstem there extends a multiplicity of branches 26 c which diverge fromone another and which are joined together by their ends at a common tippoint 26 d. Owing to the appearance of this protruding element 26, thisis also referred to as an eggbeater shape.

FIG. 3, part (b), shows an alternative design of the protruding elementsin coronet form, said elements having one, two or more pairs of stems 26a of concave-convex form, which stems are connected by way of a firstend region to the base 10 c and extend, by way of an oppositely situatedend region, along a direction substantially perpendicular to the base 10c, wherein the spacing between said end points is smaller than thespacing between the stems 26 a at the middle of the stems.

FIG. 3, part (c), shows a multiplicity of protruding elements 26 in theform of thin hairs which may have a diameter of approximately 1 μm toapproximately 100 μm, preferably of approximately 10 μm to approximately50 μm.

FIG. 3, part (d), shows protruding elements 26 in the form of turretswhich, in a sectional view, have a substantially rectangular form. Theturrets may however also be of substantially cylindrical, oval,prismatic or similar shape.

FIG. 3, part (e), shows protruding elements 26 in the form of a hairwhich has a spherical tip end 26 f at that end of the hair 26 which issituated opposite the base 10 c.

FIG. 3, part (f), shows protruding elements 26 which have substantiallythe shape of a frustum which has a spherical tip end 26 f at the tip ofthe frustum. It is self-evident that, in the embodiments shown in FIGS.3e and 3f , provision may also be made of a tip end in the form of aspheroid.

FIG. 4, parts (a) to (f), shows modified protruding elements 26 whichsubstantially correspond to the protruding elements shown in FIG. 3,parts (a) to (f). However, the protruding elements 26 in the embodimentsshown in FIG. 4, parts (a) to (d) have a hydrophilic surface region 26e. The hydrophilic surface region 26 e is preferably arranged or formedon a central region of the surface of the protruding elements 26. Thehydrophilic surface region 26 e is in particular surrounded by ahydrophobic surface region of the protruding elements 26. Thehydrophilic surface region 26 e is advantageously suitable for achievingthat the contact surface between the gas retained in the gas-retaininglayer 10 and the liquid 4 with which contact is made is localized at thehydrophilic surface region 26. In this way, it is furthermoreadvantageously possible for a breakaway of the contact surface betweengas and liquid at said locations to be prevented, such that the gaslosses from the gas-retaining layer 10 can be reduced.

FIG. 4, part (e), shows protruding elements 26 in the form of a hairwhich has a spherical tip end 26 f at that end of the hair 26 which issituated opposite the base 10 c, wherein a hydrophilic region 26 e isformed on the spherical tip end. It is self-evident evident that thespherical tip end may also be entirely of hydrophilic form.

FIG. 4, part (f), shows protruding elements 26 which have substantiallythe shape of a frustum which has a spherical tip end 26 f at the tip ofthe frustum, wherein a hydrophilic region 26 e is formed on thespherical tip end. It is self-evident that the spherical tip end mayalso be entirely of hydrophilic form. It is furthermore self-evidentthat, in the embodiments shown in FIG. 4, parts (e) and (f), provisionmay also be made of a tip end in the form of a spheroid.

FIG. 5 shows a section through a further embodiment of the surfacecovering 6 which is arranged on a wall 2. Similarly to the embodimentshown in FIG. 2, the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 has a gas dischargedevice 28 which is connected to a gas feed device 14 extending throughthe wall 2. The gas-retaining layer 10 which, by way of a body-facingside 10 b, is arranged on and/or fastened to the wall 2 comprisesdepressions 30 instead of the protruding elements. The depressions 30comprise a passage opening in the liquid-facing side of thegas-retaining layer 10, wherein the diameter of the passage opening 32is preferably smaller than the diameter of the depressions 30. Inparticular, the depressions 30 may be of substantially spherical form.It is however self-evident that the depressions 30 may also be ofpolygonal or oval form.

The material of the gas-retaining layer 10 in which the depressions 30are formed is a hydrophobic material. It is however self-evident thatthe internal wall of the depressions 30 in the gas-containing layer 10can also be coated with a hydrophobic material.

The gas emerging through the gas discharge opening 28 can be stored orretained in the depressions 30 of the gas-containing layer 10. Owing tothe surface tension at the contact surface between the gas and theliquid 4 with which contact is made, the contact surface between gas andliquid protrudes beyond the surface of the solid material of thegas-retaining layer 10, that is to say beyond the area of the passageopening 32. In this way, a gas cushion is formed between the liquid 4and the wall 2, or the solid material of the gas-retaining layer 10, atleast in the region of the depressions 30.

FIG. 6 shows a modified form of the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, whereinidentical elements are denoted by identical reference signs. Thedepressions 30 formed in the gas-retaining layer 10 have a hydrophobiccoating on the internal wall of the depressions 30, such that the solidmaterial of the gas-retaining layer does not need to be composedentirely of the hydrophobic material. The contact surface between gasand liquid is formed analogously to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5. Tofurther minimize the flow resistance of a liquid flow along thelongitudinal direction L at the contact surface between the liquid andthe solid material of the gas-retaining layer 10, the gas-retaininglayer 10 may at least regionally have a surface coating 36 with anadhesion-reducing material. The surface coating may for example comprisemicroparticles or nanoparticles, which form a defined surface roughnessin the range from approximately 10 nm to approximately 10 μm.Furthermore, the surface coating may also have a continuous coating withTeflon or Nano Teflon, which may have a coating thickness ofapproximately 0.15 nm to approximately 500 nm. Furthermore, to form asurface structure, the surface coating 36 may preferably compriseparticles composed of polymers, PDMS, silicon, silicon dioxide, siliconhydroxide, metals, in particular steel and steel fibers, and epoxyresins.

FIG. 7 shows a structure composed of similar protruding elements 26, 27,wherein the protruding elements 26, 27 are of different sizes.Accordingly, the protruding elements 27 may protrude from the base 10 cin the direction of the liquid 4 further than the protruding elements 26by a factor of approximately 1.1 to approximately 2. This advantageouslyresults in two structuring planes of the liquid-gas interface. Saidstructures advantageously have the effect of preventing a completeelimination of the gas, which is retained in the gas-retaining layer 10,in regions of the gas-retaining layer 10.

In the case of low flow speeds of the liquid 4 along the longitudinaldirection L or in the case of a small positive pressure of the liquid 4in relation to the gas pressure within the gas-retaining layer 10, theliquid-gas boundary runs substantially in the form of an envelope of thetip regions 27 d of those protruding elements 27 which protrude furtheraway from the wall 2 than the protruding elements 26. Thisadvantageously gives rise to a substantially continuous air layer whichis borne or supported substantially only by the protruding elements 27.The friction between the liquid 4 and the wall 2 is advantageouslygreatly reduced, for example to a value of less than 5% of the frictionvalue without gas in the gas-retaining layer 10. However, in this state,the gas-retaining layer 10 exhibits a slight tendency for gas losses tooccur in the event of pressure fluctuations between the gas 5 retainedin the gas-retaining layer and the adjoining liquid 4. In other words,the force per unit of area, or activation energy per unit of area,required for an escape of gas bubbles or for a breakaway of gas bubblesis relatively low.

FIG. 8 shows the embodiment shown in FIG. 7 after a loss of gas from thegas-retaining layer 10. The liquid-gas boundary now substantiallyfollows an envelope of those protruding elements 26 which project to alesser extent in the direction of the liquid 4. The individualgas-filled regions of the gas-retaining layer 10 which are formed by theintermediate spaces between the protruding elements 26 are delimited bythe protruding elements 27, which now project regionally into the liquid4. In particular, an exchange of gas between individual regions formedby the protruding elements 27 can be prevented by the protrudingelements 27.

The reduction of the flow resistance is still significant in this state,but is considerably reduced in relation to the state shown in FIG. 7.However, the base 10 c is still substantially entirely, that is to sayapproximately 90% to approximately 98%, spatially separated from theliquid 4 by the gas 5 in the gas-retaining layer 10. The force requiredfor further gas 5 to be removed from the gas-retaining layer 10 by theflow of the liquid 4 is advantageously greater in the state shown inFIG. 8 than in the state shown in FIG. 7. It is thus advantageously thecase that, after an initial gas loss from the gas-retaining layer 10, itis prevented that relatively large amounts of gas are released from thegas-retaining layer.

In the event of yet further gas losses from the gas-retaining layer 10,for example owing to very large pressure fluctuations between the gasand the adjoining liquid 4, a small gas volume remains in thehydrophobic niches between the protruding elements 26. In this way,although the friction-reducing effect of the gas layer with respect tothe flow resistance of a liquid 4 flowing along the longitudinaldirection L is reduced, it is advantageously the case that only up toapproximately 10% of the surface of the base 10 c is in direct contactwith the liquid 4, such that there is still substantially completeseparation between the wall 2 or the base 10 c and the liquid 4.

FIGS. 9 and 10 show a modified embodiment of the surface covering 6shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. Identical elements are therefore denoted byidentical reference signs. The protruding elements 26, 27 additionallycomprise hydrophilic surface regions 26 e, 27 e, which permit improvedadhesion of the interface between liquid and gas to the associatedprotruding elements 26, 27, in particular to the tip regions 26 d, 27 dthereof. This local fixing of the gas-liquid boundary is also referredto as “pinning”, such that the hydrophilic surface regions 26 e, 27 ecan also be referred to as “pinning centers”. It is advantageously thecase that, through the provision of the hydrophilic surface regions 26e, 27 e, the force per unit area required for detachment of gas bubblesfrom the gas-retaining layer 10 is increased, such that the gas lossesfrom the gas-retaining layer 10 can be reduced. This furthermoreadvantageously results in a reduced flow resistance at the gas-retaininglayer 10, and in improved separation between the liquid 4 and the base10 c or the wall 2.

It is furthermore preferably possible for further hydrophilic surfaceregions (not shown) to be formed on the base 10 c between the protrudingelements 26 e, 27 e. Said hydrophilic surface regions prevent adetachment or outflow of gas that has accumulated in the region adjacentto the base 10 c. Said gas that has accumulated at the base 10 cadvantageously serves as a final gas reservoir which can be eliminatedonly with difficulty and which in particular covers approximately 60% toapproximately 98% of the surface of the base 10 c or of the wall 2 andthus separates the covered surface from the liquid 4. It isadvantageously also achieved in this way that the surface of the wall 2is substantially entirely protected against oxidation or corrosion by asmall gas volume. It is furthermore advantageously the case that the gasresidues remaining at the base 10 c act as nuclei for the restoration ofthe gas layer by means of the gas feed device (as shown for example inFIGS. 1, 2, 5 and 6).

It is self-evidently also possible for three or more hierarchicalstructures of protruding elements to be formed in the gas-retaininglayer 10. In other words, in addition to the protruding elements 26, 27shown in FIGS. 7 to 10, further protruding elements may be providedwhich project from the base 10 in the direction of the liquid 4 furtherthan the protruding elements 27.

It is self-evident that the protruding elements 26, 27 may be spatiallydistributed in regular, quasi-regular or random fashion in thegas-retaining layer 10. Furthermore, depressions or recesses which serveas gas pockets, that is to say as a gas reservoir, may be provided atvarious locations. Of equal suitability to surface coatings with acertain roughness are porous surfaces, whose pores situated at thesurface can serve as depressions or gas pockets. For example, thedepressions 30 of FIGS. 5 and 6 may also be formed by virtue of the basec being composed of a porous material, wherein the pores are connected,in the region of the passage openings 32, to the exterior of the base 10c.

In the case of the protruding elements 26, 27 being structured so as toprotrude in the direction of the liquid 4 by multiple different lengths,it is particularly preferable for the relatively long protrudingelements, which determine the position of the liquid-gas interface inFIGS. 7 and 9, to also have a relatively low areal density (number ofprotruding elements 27 per square centimeter). By contrast, thoseprotruding elements 26 which determine the liquid-gas interface in thesituation in which the gas-retaining layer has already lost a notinconsiderable amount of gas, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 10, preferablyhave a relatively high areal density. It is furthermore preferable forsaid protruding elements to be of relatively small diameter and to havehydrophilic surface regions, if such are provided, of relatively smallsize or diameter.

It is preferably possible for the protruding elements 26, 27, which arecomposed of a superhydrophobic material or have a hydrophobic orsuperhydrophobic surface, to be provided with hydrophilic surfaceregions by virtue of the surface of the protruding elements 26, 27 beingapplied by application or growth of nanoparticulate material, andsubsequently or at the same time the nanorough surface thus formed beingmade hydrophobic with hydrophobic, non-polar end groups ortetrafluoroethylene groups or by adsorption oftetrafluoroethlylene-based molecules or other non-polar or hydrophobicmolecules or fats or organic or inorganic oils. Said hydrophobic regionscan subsequently be made less hydrophobic in targeted fashion byinteraction with a plasma. Those regions whose hydrophobization isreduced, in other words which have hydrophilic function imparted tothem, may for example be tips, hair ends, highest elevations, protrudingcorners, tips and edges, rough surfaces and the like.

If the surfaces of the protruding elements 26, 27 are electricallyconductive, for example if electrically conductive polymers are used forforming the protruding elements 26, 27, then an electrical discharge canbe utilized for the reduction of the hydrophobization, which electricaldischarge, owing to the tip effect, preferably takes place exactly atthe tips and at the most intense curvatures and at the furthestprotruding surface points, that is to say precisely where thehydrophilic surface regions should preferably be arranged. By means ofthe discharge, the hydrophobic protective layer is locally destroyed atthe discharge points, such that surface regions are formed which arerelatively hydrophilic in relation to the hydrophobic regions of theprotruding elements 26, 27.

FIG. 11 shows a structure composed of protruding elements 26 ofsubstantially uniform size, wherein the gas-retaining layer 10 has arough surface 38 which is preferably formed with uniform roughness bothin the region of the base 10 c and also in the region of the protrudingelements 26. Accordingly, the structures of the rough surface maypreferably have a size which is smaller than the size of the protrudingelements 26 by a factor of approximately 5 to approximately 20. Therough surface may also have a multimodal roughness distributionencompassing roughnesses from approximately 10 μm to approximately 3 mm,wherein in particular, the protruding elements 26 may be regarded as thegreatest roughness within the roughness distribution.

This advantageously gives rise to two or more structuring planes of theliquid-gas interface, as has already been described with regard to FIGS.7 to 10. The statements made in that regard apply analogously to theembodiment shown in FIG. 11. The rough surface 38 advantageously has theeffect of preventing a complete elimination of the gas, which isretained in the gas-retaining layer 10, in regions of the gas-retaininglayer 10.

It is furthermore preferably possible for the protruding elements 26 tohave hydrophilic surface regions 26 e which permit improved adhesion ofthe interface between liquid and gas to the associated protrudingelements 26. It is self-evident that the rough surface 38 may have aregular, a quasi-regular or a random spatial surface structure.

FIG. 12, parts (a) to (c), shows an embodiment similar to the embodimentshown in FIG. 11. In the state shown in FIG. 12, part (a), thegas-retaining layer 10 is completely filled with gas 5. After a loss ofgas from the gas-retaining layer 10 has occurred, the liquid-gasinterface is displaced as shown in FIG. 12, part (c). As a result of afurther loss of gas, the liquid-gas interface is displaced as shown inFIG. 12, part (b). As a result of the loss of gas, although the flowresistance of the wall 2 relative to a flowing liquid 4 is increased,the liquid is substantially prevented from coming into direct contactwith the gas-retaining layer 10 or the wall 2, whereby the wall 2 is forexample protected against a corrosive influence of the liquid.

FIG. 13, parts (a) and (b), shows fibers 40, the hydrophobic surfaces ofwhich are provided with protruding elements 26, 27. Here, part (a) ofFIG. 13 shows a structure or arrangement of protruding elements 26 asalso shown in FIG. 1. Part (b) of FIG. 13 shows a structure orarrangement of protruding elements 26, 27 as also shown in FIGS. 9 and10. The fibers 40 therefore have the properties described with referenceto said figures. The protruding elements may optionally be provided withhydrophilic regions 26 e, 27 e. The fibers 40 may serve as protrudingelements of the gas-retaining layer of the surface covering and beformed integrally therewith.

FIG. 14, parts (a) and (b), shows fibers 40 which each have a ringstructure of protruding elements 26, 27 corresponding to the structuresshown in parts (a) and (b) of FIG. 13. It is also optionally possiblefor hydrophilic regions 26 e, 27 e to be formed on the rings 26, 27 thatextend along the circumference of the fibers 40.

FIG. 15 shows a fiber 40 whose hydrophobic rough surface 38 has astructure or arrangement as shown in FIG. 11.

FIGS. 16a to 16d each show a perspective view of a preferredtwo-dimensional arrangement of the protruding hydrophobic elements 26 ofa gas-retaining layer 10.

FIG. 17a shows a plan view of the preferred two-dimensional arrangementshown in FIG. 16 a.

The protruding elements 26 are designed in the form shown in FIG. 3,part (a). It is however self-evident that the protruding elements mayalso have any other expedient design, for example the designs shown inFIGS. 3 and 4.

As shown in FIGS. 16a and 17a-17d , the two-dimensional arrangement ofthe protruding elements 26 is divided into individual sub-regions 44,so-called “compartments”, wherein each sub-region 44 of thegas-retaining layer 10 comprises a multiplicity of protruding elements26. The individual sub-regions 44 are preferably delimited with respectto adjacent sub-regions 44 or with respect to the surroundings by afluid-impermeable partition 42. A fluid is to be understood to mean agas, a liquid and a mixture of these. Consequently, the partition 42prevents a liquid flow or a gas flow between the sub-regions 44. Inparticular, in the presence of a pressure difference between twoadjacent sub-regions 44, the partitions 42 advantageously prevent gasfrom flowing away from one sub-region 44 to the adjacent sub-region andthe flow resistance in relation to a liquid with which contact is madethus being locally increased.

In particular, a situation is prevented in which a sub-region 44 ischarged with gas beyond its gas capacity by inflowing gas, with gasthereupon passing into the liquid and thus being lost.

The partitions 42 may preferably be formed from the same material as theprotruding elements 26. In particular, the gas-retaining layer 10 may beformed with the protruding elements 26 and the partitions 42 together orin one piece. It is furthermore preferable for the partitions 42 of asub-region 44 to be of substantially the same height as the protrudingelements 26 contained in the sub-region 44. It is furthermore preferablefor the protruding elements 26 to have hydrophilic surface regions 26 eand/or for the partitions 42 to have hydrophilic surface regions 42 a.

As shown in FIG. 16b , it may also be provided that the protrudingelements 26 are of entirely hydrophobic form, whereas thefluid-impermeable partitions 42 have hydrophilic surface regions 42 a.

Alternatively, the partitions 42 may also be formed entirely orregionally from a hydrophilic material, as shown in FIG. 16a , whereasthe protruding elements 26 may be entirely hydrophobic or else may (in amanner not shown in FIG. 16c ) have hydrophilic surface regions 26 a,correspondingly to the protruding elements 26 shown in FIG. 16a . Forexample, it may be provided that only those surfaces of the partitions42 which face toward the liquid are of hydrophilic form or provided witha hydrophilic coating.

Finally, the partitions 42 may also form a sub-region in its entirety,as shown in FIG. 16d . In other words, the sub-region 44 comprises noprotruding elements. The base 44 a of the sub-region 44 preferably has ahydrophobic surface. The partitions may be entirely or regionally ofhydrophilic form. For example, it may be provided that only thosesurfaces of the partitions 42 which face toward the liquid are ofhydrophilic form or provided with a hydrophilic coating. In particular,the partitions 42 may be of substantially hydrophobic form, with anareal or linear hydrophilic region being formed on the top edge, that isto say on those surfaces of the partitions 42 which face toward theliquid, it preferably being the case that said hydrophilic region iscontinuous or is not interrupted by one or more hydrophobic regions,such that the exchange of gas between two adjacent sub-regions 44 isprevented in an effective manner even over the top edges of thepartitions 42. The partitions may in this case enclose a self-containedvolume of the sub-region 44, such that the gas is retained within saidsub-region 44 and substantially cannot escape into an adjacentsub-region.

It is self-evident that the various embodiments of the protrudingelements 26 may be combined in any desired manner with the variousembodiments of the partitions 42 in order to form a (self-contained)sub-region 44.

In particular, at least one sub-region 44, optionally with a partition42 or multiple partitions 42, may be formed as a tile or slab that canbe fastened to a body. In particular, a tile or slab (these hereinafteralso being referred to as air tiles) may have a multiplicity of morethan 1000, more than 10,000 or more than 100,000 sub-regions 44. It isadvantageously possible for a wall of any size to be equipped or coveredwith a multiplicity of such tiles or slabs with a gas-retaining layer,which furthermore advantageously results in flexible assembly and hasthe effect that only a small number of different tiles or slabs need beprovided.

The sub-regions 44 are shaped or formed, and attached to the body, suchthat the longitudinal extent of the sub-regions 44 is smaller along thevertical than along the horizontal that is perpendicular thereto. Inparticular, if the sub-regions 44 are fastened to the hull of a ship,the longitudinal extent is advantageously smaller along the direction ofgravitational force (vertical) than along the water flow direction whilethe ship is traveling (substantially horizontal), because the gascontained in the gas-retaining layer owing to the then smaller spacingof the partitions 42 the pressure difference between two adjacentsub-regions 44 becomes smaller. At the same time, larger spacingsbetween the partitions along the horizontal permit a minimization of thehydrophilic regions at which friction arises between the water and theship.

The sub-regions 44 therefore are preferably of rectangular form, asshown in FIG. 17 a.

It is however self-evident that the sub-regions 44 may preferably alsobe of hexagonal or honeycomb-shaped, triangular, square or some otherform. FIG. 17b shows a plan view of a preferred embodiment in which thepartitions 42 are arranged so as to form square sub-regions 44. FIG. 17cshows a plan view of a preferred embodiment in which the partitions 42,which are of equal length, are arranged so as to form hexagonalsub-regions 44. FIG. 17d shows a plan view of a preferred embodiment inwhich the partitions 42 are arranged so as to form an elongatehoneycomb-shaped or hexagonal sub-regions 44.

Coating for the Protection of Surfaces Under Liquid

In summary, one aspect describes a method for achieving an antifoulingaction, and protection against corrosion and chemical attack of surfacesunder liquid, through the use of a coating which retains a gas layerunder liquid.

The surface—for example of the ship, pipe, window, measurementinstrument, water vessel etc.—may additionally be equipped with acoating which imparts a chemical or biological antifouling action by wayof a toxic or biocide-containing layer or by way of other additives. Theadvantage lies in the fact that the active substances are released onlywhen required, specifically when the surface is briefly not covered by agas layer and comes into contact with water or with marine organisms. Inthis way, the release of toxic or biocidic additives occurs only rarely,specifically exactly when required—with the result that the amount oftoxic substances released to the liquid, for example the sea water orfresh water, per unit of time and area can be reduced by many orders ofmagnitude, which in turn has two advantageous effects:

-   (i) the release of toxic and biocidic substances is drastically    reduced, without a reduction in antifouling action, and-   (ii) as a result, the time period for which the reserve of such    substances in the ship's paint coat or in the coating lasts before    being consumed to such an extent that the antifouling action    diminishes is also drastically lengthened, thus also lengthening the    service intervals of ships and other installations. This is an    enormous advantage in particular in the case of oil platforms,    offshore wind parks and other objects that are difficult to access.

An antifouling action can be obtained through the use of air-retaininglayers, or more generally gas-retaining layers, under water on their ownor in combination with the addition, via the gas layer, of gases oraerosols which are toxic or biocidic or which have an effect onbiological fouling by some other means.

The gas layer on its own already forms a barrier that prevents marineorganisms from settling. This applies in particular to the settling ofbacteria, diatoms, unicellular organisms and microorganisms that formthe so-called slime or are responsible for microfouling and which oftenform the basis for the settlement of larger organisms. If the surface,for example of a ship etc., is surrounded by an air layer and does notcome into contact with water, settling and reproduction of saidorganisms is thus no longer possible.

The surface—for example of the ship, pipe, window, measurementinstrument, water vessel etc.—may additionally be equipped with acoating which imparts a chemical or biological antifouling action by wayof a toxic or biocide-containing layer or by way of other additives. Theadvantage lies in the fact that the active substances are released onlywhen required, specifically when the surface is briefly not covered by agas layer and comes into contact with water or with marine organisms. Inthis way, the release of toxic or biocidic additives occurs only rarely,specifically exactly when required—with the result that the amount oftoxic substances released to the liquid, for example the sea water orfresh water, per unit of time and area can be reduced by many orders ofmagnitude, which in turn has two advantageous effects:

-   (i) the release of toxic and biocidic substances is drastically    reduced, without a reduction in antifouling action, and-   (ii) as a result, the time period for which the reserve of such    substances in the ship's paint coat or in the coating lasts before    being consumed to such an extent that the antifouling action    diminishes is also drastically lengthened, thus also lengthening the    service intervals of ships and other installations. This is an    enormous advantage in particular in the case of oil platforms,    offshore wind parks and other objects that are difficult to access.

The fouling of ships and other watercraft and of water-exposed technicalinstallations, walls, structures etc. by the growth of biologicalsystems is a major technical problem both in fresh water and also in seawater. In the case of the fouling of ships, this is exacerbated by thefact that the fouling considerably increases the friction of the shipsin the water and thus also the fuel consumption. The previous solutionfor protecting against such fouling, that of equipping the ships etc.with toxic paints, lacquers and coatings, is no longer acceptable forenvironmental protection reasons and is increasingly prohibited, becauseit can be proven that these highly poisonous ship coatings releaseconsiderable amounts of poisonous substances and compounds, inparticular heavy metals and the heavy metal compounds, into the seawater.

Non-toxic substances that provide adequate protection against biofoulinghave however yet to be found. The chances of this happening even in thefuture are likely to be low, because on the one hand, the systems shouldprevent biological fouling with marine organisms, but at the same time,said systems specifically must not, by their action, harm the marineorganisms, in order that the fauna and flora of seas and coasts are notharmed. The problem addressed thus possibly constitutes an inherentcontradiction. It is thus necessary to find a way of selectivelycompromising the aquatic and marine organisms on the surface withoutcausing significant harm to the organisms in the ecosystem of thesurrounding fresh water or sea water. The present invention presents onetechnical solution for such an approach.

Since, on the one hand, marine organisms and other living organisms thatseek to settle on the ship or on other technical surfaces in fresh waterand salt water should be hindered from settling and combated, but themeasures should act very selectively only at said surfaces and shouldnot harm the biological organisms or marine organisms at otherlocations, it is self-evident to use a local measure which relatesexclusively to the surfaces to be protected and the immediate vicinitythereof.

With the method according to the invention and the device according tothe invention, the specified technical problem is solved as follows:since it is technically possible to retain gas layers on a surface underwater and introduce gas into said layer in targeted fashion via fabric,porous layers or small openings or nozzles, it is self-evident to equipthe surface to be protected with a gas-retaining surface or layer ofsaid type and, at regular or irregular time intervals or when required,that is to say upon the onset or in the presence of biological fouling,to introduce a gas or aerosol (with correspondingly active solparticles) which combats said fouling into the gas layer via thesurface. The treatment has no side effects for the ecosystem inparticular if the gas or aerosol is only slightly soluble in water or ifthe compound breaks down after a certain time into non-poisonousconstituents or is toxic only in high concentrations or if use is simplymade of CO₂ for suffocating the marine organisms that have settled onthe surface of the ship. The treatment and dosing may in this case beperformed manually or automatically.

Optional variants and features relate to a

-   -   combination with sensor means and/or cameras for automatic        detection of the extent and/or type of biological fouling, with        or without quantitative evaluation of the extent of fouling.    -   combination with spatially selective sensor means and/or cameras        for automatic detection and localization of the biological        fouling, with or without quantitative evaluation of the extent.    -   possibility of spatially selective discharge of the active gas        or aerosol selectively at the locations at which fouling has        taken place or is commencing.    -   possibility of spatially selective dosing depending on intensity        and type of fouling.    -   gas sensor means for spatially resolved detection of the gas        composition or of the active substance concentration in the gas        layer.    -   gas analysis by extraction of gas or aerosol from the layer,        also in conjunction with mass spectroscopy, IR analysis, gel        chromatography, gas chromatography etc. for spatially resolved        and/or temporally resolved analysis of the composition and/or        active substance concentration in the gas layer.    -   accompanying analysis of dissolved components of the gas or        aerosol in the surrounding water in order to remain below        specified limit values at all times and at all locations and        reliably meet all environmental requirements at all locations        and at all times and to manually or—preferably—automatically        stop the treatment at any time when required by immediate        stoppage of the feed of the active gas or aerosol.

The attainment of an antifouling action may also be achieved through theuse of air-retaining layers under water in combination with toxicmaterials, additives and surface coatings.

The fouling of ships and other watercraft and of water-exposed technicalinstallations, walls, structures etc. by the growth of biologicalsystems is a major technical problem both in fresh water and also in seawater. In the case of the fouling of ships, this is exacerbated by thefact that the fouling considerably increases the friction of the shipsin the water and thus also the fuel consumption. The previous solutionfor protecting against such fouling, that of equipping the ships etc.with toxic paints, lacquers and coatings, is no longer acceptable forenvironmental protection reasons and is increasingly prohibited, becauseit can be proven that these highly poisonous ship coatings releaseconsiderable amounts of poisonous substances and compounds, inparticular heavy metals and the heavy metal compounds, into the seawater.

Non-toxic substances that provide adequate protection against biofoulinghave however yet to be found. The chances of this happening even in thefuture are likely to be low, because on the one hand, the systems shouldprevent biological fouling with marine organisms, but at the same time,said systems specifically must not, by their action, harm the marineorganisms, in order that the fauna and flora of seas and coasts are notharmed. The problem addressed thus possibly constitutes an inherentcontradiction. It is thus necessary to find a way of selectivelycompromising the aquatic and marine organisms on the surface withoutcausing significant harm to the organisms in the ecosystem of thesurrounding fresh water or sea water. The present invention presents onetechnical solution for such an approach.

Since, on the one hand, marine organisms and other living organisms thatseek to settle on the ship or on other technical surfaces in fresh waterand salt water should be hindered from settling and combated, but themeasures should act very selectively only at said surfaces and shouldnot harm the biological organisms or marine organisms at otherlocations, it is self-evident to use a local measure which relatesexclusively to the surfaces to be protected and the immediate vicinitythereof.

Ship coatings which are highly effective in preventing fouling withaquatic or marine organisms already exist. The problem with saidcoatings lies not in the fact that they are toxic—they must or at leastshould be so in order to be effective in preventing settlement of themarine organisms. The problem with said coatings rather lies in the factthat, as a result of the enduring, long-term contact with the water, thepoisonous compounds and heavy metals pass into the sea water.

The method according to the invention and the coating according to theinvention address this: the coatings which are effective in preventingfouling are maintained, and the antifouling action is thus ensured andtechnically proven. Use may be made not only of newly developedantifouling coatings but also of coatings that have been proven over theyears and decades. A release thereof to the surrounding water and thusto the surrounding ecosystem is however prevented by virtue of thesurface with the antifouling coating being in the form of anair-retaining or gas-retaining surface, and the water thus not coming tocontact at all with the surface with the antifouling coating, because apermanent air or gas layer, which in particular persists even underoperating conditions, is situated between the—possibly toxic—surface andthe water. In the event of gas losses as a result of peak loads, thelayer is, in a preferred variant of the method, recharged with gas(“regenerated”): it is technically possible, in accordance with aninvention filed in parallel, for a gas layer of said type to be retainedon a surface under water and for gas to be introduced into said layer intargeted fashion via fabric, porous layers or small openings or nozzles.It is thus possible, in the event of a loss of gas, for the layer to beimmediately regenerated again. The hairs, fibers, pillars, spines orspikes etc., which “span” or maintain the air layer, may but need notimperatively impart an antifouling action themselves or by way of theircoating.

Optional variants and features relate to a

-   -   combination with an automatic—preferably spatially        selective—sensor means for monitoring against air losses.    -   combination with a sensor means of said type with an        automatic—preferably spatially selective—replenishment device        such that a constant presence of the gas layer is ensured and        enduring contact between the sea water and the antifouling        coating is prevented.    -   accompanying analysis of dissolved toxic components of the        coating in the surrounding water in order to remain below        specified limit values at all times and at all locations and        reliably meet all environmental requirements at all locations        and at all times.    -   use of the method and of the device even in fresh water.    -   use of the method and of the device even with toxic, antibiotic,        biocidic, heavy metal-containing and other lacquers, coatings        and paints.    -   use of the method and of the device even with non-poisonous        lacquers, coatings and paints.    -   use of the gas layer also for the reduction of friction of the        ship, boat, etc.    -   use of the stated techniques, methods and devices according to        the invention in fresh water or in brackish water or in sea        water.    -   use of the stated techniques, methods and devices according to        the invention not only for the surface of ships but also for the        external and internal surfaces of other technical components        which come into contact with water, and for corresponding        underwater walls, structures etc. and for pipelines, baths etc.

The attainment of an antifouling action through the use of air-retaininglayers under water may be realized solely owing to the action of the gaslayer or in combination with ultrasound, mechanical movements anddeformations, shockwaves, repeated thermal treatment of the surface (forexample by electric heating of electrically conductive hairs, fabricetc.) or UV treatment or electrical pulses including gases that aregenerated upon the electrochemical decomposition of water or salt wateror sea water.

The fouling of ships and other watercraft and of water-exposed technicalinstallations, walls, structures etc. by the growth of biologicalsystems is a major technical problem both in fresh water and also in seawater. In the case of the fouling of ships, this is exacerbated by thefact that the fouling considerably increases the friction of the shipsin the water and thus also the fuel consumption. The previous solutionfor protecting against such fouling, that of equipping the ships etc.with toxic paints, lacquers and coatings, is no longer acceptable forenvironmental protection reasons and is increasingly prohibited, becauseit can be proven that these highly poisonous ship coatings releaseconsiderable amounts of poisonous substances and compounds, inparticular heavy metals and the heavy metal compounds, into the seawater.

Non-toxic substances that provide adequate protection against biofoulinghave however yet to be found. The chances of this happening even in thefuture are likely to be low, because on the one hand, the systems shouldprevent biological fouling with marine organisms, but at the same time,said systems specifically must not, by their action, harm the marineorganisms, in order that the fauna and flora of seas and coasts are notharmed. The problem addressed thus possibly constitutes an inherentcontradiction. It is thus necessary to find a way of selectivelycompromising the aquatic and marine organisms on the surface withoutcausing significant harm to the organisms in the ecosystem of thesurrounding fresh water or sea water. The present invention presents onetechnical solution for such an approach.

The use of underwater air-retaining or gas-retaining surfacesconstitutes the basis for the method proposed here and the deviceaccording to the invention. Since it is technically possible, inaccordance with an invention filed in parallel, for gas layers to beretained on a surface under water and for gas to be introduced into saidlayer in targeted fashion via fabric, porous layers or small openings ornozzles, it is self-evident to equip the surface to be protected with agas-retaining surface or layer of said type and to initially suppresscontact between biological systems and the surface to be protectedsimply by way of the gas layer itself. Such mechanical contact ishowever required as a starting point for adhesion, and is howeverprevented by an air or gas layer.

If such contact, and ultimately fouling, however arise for example as aresult of impacts, intensive rubbing-together etc., further measures forphysically combating the marine organisms may additionally beimplemented at regular or irregular time intervals or when required,that is to say upon the onset or in the presence of biological fouling,in order to avoid the use of environmentally harmful chemicals, whereintwo methods are particularly expedient: (i) mechanical reduction andelimination of the adhesive contact between the marine organisms and thesurface to which they have attached by the movement of elastic hairs, byshockwaves and by ultrasound, and (ii) local heating (in particularresistive or by induction or by microwaves or a combination of saidmethods) for thermal destruction of the adherent cell layer.

In a preferred variant of the method, the structures (hairs, fibersetc.) that have the effect of retaining the air on the surface are ofelectrically conductive form and are heated directly. Alternatively orin addition to this, it is possible for the surface, in particular theaerenchyma claimed in an invention filed in parallel with this patent,to be of electrically conductive form and to serve for local heating.

In a further variant of the method, it is also possible for radiation,for example ultraviolet light, to be used in combination with theair-retaining surface.

Optional variants and features relate to the

-   -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of the method and of the device even in fresh water.    -   use of the method and of the device even with toxic, antibiotic,        biocidic, heavy metal-containing and other lacquers, coatings        and paints.    -   use of the method and of the device even together with        non-poisonous lacquers, coatings and paints.    -   use of the gas layer also for the reduction of friction of the        ship, boat, etc.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of the stated techniques, methods and devices according to        the invention in fresh water or in brackish water or in sea        water.    -   use of the stated techniques, methods and devices according to        the invention not only for the surface of ships but also for the        external and internal surfaces of other technical components        which come into contact with water, and for corresponding        underwater walls, structures etc. and for pipelines, baths etc.

In other words, (preferred) subjects of the application can be describedas follows:

Subject matter 1 relates to a coating for the protection of a surface orinterface, which is permanently or intermittently entirely or partiallyexposed to a liquid, against corrosion, chemical attack and/or(bio)fouling, characterized in that the surface or interface is coatedso as to retain under liquid a continuous or discontinuous, permanentlyor intermittently existing gas layer under liquid and said gas layerprotects the surface′ against said corrosion, said chemical attackand/or said (bio)fouling.

Subject matter 2 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the protection against fouling relates tobiofouling, in particular in the form of microfouling, macrofouling, theattack of algae, mussels and/or other marine organisms or a combinationof these forms.

Subject matter 3 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1 or2, characterized in that the coating that is used that is permanently orintermittently entirely or partially covered by the gas layer itselfcomprises biocides, TBT, copper, silver, heavy metals or metal compoundsor metal complexes or metal alloys or other fouling-reducing componentsor admixtures and the release rate of said substances (amount of saidsubstances released per unit of time and area) is reduced by the gaslayer.

Subject matter 4 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the coating for the protection of surfaces isapplied to the surface of ships, yachts, boats and other watercraft orto technical installations and structures installed at sea, inparticular oil platforms, offshore wind turbines, steel structures,concrete structures or other technical installations installed in apositionally fixed or in a non-positionally fixed manner at sea or infresh water, buoys, conduits and cables, drive devices, ship surfaces,ship propellers and control devices, windows etc. that areintermittently or permanently under water or are washed over by water,ship rudders, floodlights and other light-emitting optical functionalunits.

Subject matter 5 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the gas of the continuous or discontinuous,permanently or intermittently existing gas layer is air, nitrogen,oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium or mixtures of these gases, and/orthe liquid is water, salt water, sea water or alcohol or aqueous oralcoholic solutions.

Subject matter 6 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the coating comprises surface structures, pillars,hairs, studs.

Subject matter 7 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1 or6, characterized in that the coating surface structures, pillars, hairs,studs or other structures have a height of 0.02 mm to 2 mm and have ahydrophobic surface with or without hydrophilic patches, end or sidesurfaces.

Subject matter 8 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the gas-retaining coating is applied to theoutside or inside of pipelines or of reaction vessels for chemicalreactions or to the inside of vessels for storing liquids.

Subject matter 9 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the air is retained utilizing the Salvinia effect,the Notonecta effect or by means of hierarchically structured surfaces.

Subject matter 10 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the discontinuous gas layer is composed of aregular, partially regular or irregular arrangement of gas bubbles onthe surface coating.

FIG. 18 shows a preferred design of a gas-retaining layer which has amultiplicity of hydrophobic projections which optionally have ahydrophilic tip region which, during operational use, faces toward thewater. The gas-retaining layer is arranged on a lacquer, whichoptionally comprises a biocide or copper.

Device for Obtaining a Gas Layer Under Liquid

In summary, one aspect describes gas layers on surfaces under liquid,which are of great technological interest for friction reduction in thecase of ships and in pipelines and for protection of the surface againstfogging, (bio)fouling, corrosion and chemical attack.

By means of suitable surface structuring, it is possible for a layer ofgas or of gas bubbles, which adheres to the surface, to be entrainedunder liquid. The problem is that a gas layer of said type is stableonly for a limited time, and is then lost. This problem is solved by wayof a layer that can be recharged with gas.

According to one aspect, the present invention combines

-   (1) a structured layer that retains a gas layer or gas bubbles under    liquid, having-   (2) a recharging system composed, for example, of (i) gas feed lines    or ducts and nozzles or micronozzles or (ii) a porous membrane,    textile, fabric system, felt system, flock system or fiber system or    sintered layer or (iii) gas recharging by virtue of (microscopic)    gas bubbles generated for example by a sputterer being captured by    way of surface hairs or surface structures that preferably have    liquid-repelling surfaces, and having-   (3) a recharging device composed, for example, of (i) a gas pump    or (ii) a self-recharging means, for example utilizing the negative    pressure generated by an object moving relative to the liquid, or by    a flow, or (iii) a sputterer for the external generation of gas    bubbles that are then captured by the structured surface.

Since gas that is lost from the gas layer can be recharged again, thegas layer is maintained, and performs its desired function, on along-term basis. In one variant, the demand for recharging is measuredby way of sensors, and recharging of the layer with gas is performedautomatically.

Air layers on surfaces under water are of great technological interestfor example and in particular for friction reduction in the case ofships and in pipeline systems and pipelines for the purpose ofpreventing deposits and the formation of undesired linings on surfacesunder liquid, and for obtaining an antifouling action and protectionagainst corrosion and chemical attack of surfaces under liquid, in eachcase through the use of a coating which retains a gas layer or a layerof gas bubbles or gas pockets under liquid.

By means of suitable surface structuring, it is possible, usingtextiles, structured and/or functionalized coatings, for example withbiologically inspired coatings based on the example of water spiders orSalvinia molesta or Notonecta glauca, to entrain a layer of gas, forexample of air, under liquid if the surface is immersed under liquidproceeding from the gaseous atmosphere, for example under waterproceeding from the air. The problem is merely that such a layer of air,typically 1 μm to 1 mm thick, adheres to the surface only for a limitedtime, with said gas layer then being lost, normally in the form of theemission of gas bubbles from the gas layer.

The present invention now solves said problem by virtue of the deviceaccording to the invention combining at least two of the following threethings:

(1) a structured layer that retains gas under liquid or a structuredlayer that retains gas bubbles or gas pockets under liquid (see FIGS. 19to 21), having

(2) a recharging duct system, composed for example of (i) feed lines orducts for the feed of gas and nozzles or micronozzles or (ii) a porousmembrane, textile system, fabric system, felt system, flock system orfiber system or sintered layer or (iii) surface recharging by way of acapturing device for gas bubbles or microscopic gas bubbles generatedfor example by a sputterer, said capturing device being composed forexample of surface hairs or structures which have liquid-repellingsurfaces with or without hydrophilic centers and which thus, in the formof protruding hairs, pillars or coronets or by formation ofcorresponding hollows or depressions with liquid-repelling coating,capture the gas bubbles from the liquid and pin them to the surface orintegrate them into an existing gas layer, and having

(3) a recharging device, for example in the form of (i) a pump or otheractive recharging device or (ii) a self-recharging means, for exampleutilizing the negative pressure generated by a watercraft movingrelative to the liquid or by the negative pressure generated by a flowof the liquid relative to a stationary buoy, measurement station, walletc. (pressure difference is generated by flow of speed v=0.5·density ofthe liquid·v²) or (iii) a sputterer for the external generation of gasbubbles that are then captured by the structured surface (see point(2)).

Alternatively, it is also possible for a liquid or solid substance to bedosed in which, on its own or by chemical reaction with the surroundingliquid, releases a gas and thus builds up or supplements the gas layeror gas bubble layer again (“replenishing”).

Since gas that is lost from the gas layer can be recharged again, thegas layer is maintained on the surface under liquid, and performs itsdesired function, even on a long-term basis.

The gas layer may also be substituted by a layer composed of individualgas bubbles or gas pockets (air pockets) or by a layer comprising these.

In one variant of the method, the demand for recharging is measured bymeans of sensors and, to replace the missing gas or the gas lost fromthe gas layer, overall or selectively in the region with which therespective sensor is associated, gas is fed into the correspondingregion again by activating the pump or the sputterer or by opening thecorresponding gas valves (“gas recharging on demand”). In this variationof the method, the demand for recharging is thus measured by means ofsensors, and the gas that is lost, or the gas that is missing from thelayer, is automatically recharged by means of the device according tothe invention.

The initial build-up of a gas layer may self-evidently also be performedin this way if required.

A device for retaining an air layer under water, or more generally a gaslayer under liquid, is characterized in that the layer can, in the eventof a loss of gas, be recharged via a gas-permeable underply, wherein thegas-permeable underply may be a textile underply, some other fabric orfelt, a flock material, a porous ceramic layer or ceramic layer suitablefor gas diffusion, a metal layer with pores, a metal felt or wire mesh,a semipermeable membrane, a—preferably hydrophobic orsuperhydrophobic—porous, microporous or nanoporous layer (preferablyconstructed on the basis of polymers, ceramic materials, metals orcomposites).

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and sharkskin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

The problem consists in that, under adverse operating conditions (wavesurge, wave impact in the case of ship coatings etc.) or over relativelylong periods of time, partial or complete, local or extensive gas lossoccurs in places or overall.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, areal elements (which are the subject of this invention) areused together with a device, said elements being such that, after apartial or total loss of gas, they can be recharged with gas again. Thedevice according to the invention for retaining an air layer under wateror generally a gas layer under liquid is characterized in that, in theevent of a loss of air, the layer can be recharged again via agas-permeable underply, wherein the gas-permeable underply may be atextile underply, some other fabric or felt, a flock material, a porousceramic layer or ceramic layer suitable for gas diffusion, a metal layerwith pores, a metal felt or wire mesh, a semipermeable membrane,a—preferably hydrophobic or superhydrophobic—porous, microporous ornanoporous layer (preferably constructed on the basis of polymers,ceramic materials, metals or composites).

In one variant of the method, an aerenchyma, such as is described in aninvention filed in parallel, is used for the recharging of the gas.

Optional variants and features relate to a

-   -   combination of the above charging of the gas layer        (“replenishing”) with additional devices for artificially        refilling or replenishing the gas layer, for example        capillaries, membranes, textiles etc.    -   coating of the surfaces with Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene and        the derivatives thereof, in particular also microparticles and        nanoparticles of said substances.    -   coating of the surfaces with commercially available        anti-adhesion sprays or else microparticles and nanoparticles.    -   use of surface structures composed of polymers, resins, PDMS,        silicon, silicon dioxide and silicon hydroxide, metals, steel        and steel fibers, high-grade steel, epoxy.    -   embossing the surface structures into lacquer, including ship        lacquer, with and without subsequent surface functionalization        or coating, for example with Teflon or Nano Teflon (preferred        layer thickness 0.15 nm to 500 nm).    -   device as described immediately above, possibly also coupled        with measurement and/or control and/or regulating devices which        measure and control the state of the gas layer overall or in        spatially resolved fashion and automatically trigger gas        replenishment if required.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces and surface        structures for the gas-retaining surfaces.    -   use of hairs, pillars, coronet structures, eggbeater structures,        turrets and other raised structures, which are preferably        provided with a liquid-repelling coating (with a hydrophobic or        superhydrophobic coating if the liquid is water), for the        surfaces for the purpose of retaining gas in or between said        structures.    -   use of depressions, hollows, holes and recesses and other        recessed structures, which are preferably provided with a        liquid-repelling coating (with a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic        coating if the liquid is water), for the surfaces for the        purpose of retaining gas in or between said structures.    -   use of a combination of hairs, pillars, coronet structures,        eggbeater structures, turrets and other raised structures, and        depressions, hollows, holes and recesses, which are preferably        provided with a liquid-repelling coating (with a hydrophobic or        superhydrophobic coating if the liquid is water), for the        surfaces for the purpose of retaining gas in or between said        structures.    -   use of valves and throughflow regulators and actuating elements        for the control and/or regulation of the gas feed to the outlet        openings which effect the initial filling or refilling of the        gas layer.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

In other words, preferred subjects of the application can be describedas follows:

Subject matter 1 relates to a device and surface coating for thecharging and retaining of a gas layer under liquid, composed of (i) astructured surface or surface coating or textile coating which has astructure which makes it possible, when immersed under a liquid, for acontinuous or discontinuous gas layer to be retained permanently or atleast for a short time (the latter, i.e. the discontinuous gas layer,being composed for example of regularly or irregularly arranged gasbubbles or gas pockets, the gas pockets or air pockets, that is to saysmall pockets, which are filled with gas under liquid, in the surfacetopography), wherein the structuring of the surface may be either aregular or irregular topographical structuring (“relief”) or a spatiallyvarying chemical functionality (chemical pattern) or a combination ofboth, and (ii) a device which makes it possible, in the event of a lossof gas, for the surface to be recharged with gas, wherein the gas is fedeither (a) from an external source, for example in the form of small gasbubbles flowing past in the liquid, which are then captured by thestructured layer or (b) the gas is fed from an internal source from thelayer, for example from nozzles or pores or ducts or a line systemwithin or below the structured layer, wherein the gas is fed for examplefrom a gas reservoir, a pressurized gas reservoir, from pressurized gasbottles or with the aid of a pump, or (c) the gas is generated directlyin the layer, for example by catalytic and/or electrochemicaldecomposition of water or (d) the gas is extracted directly from theliquid in the form of dissolved gas present in the liquid or in the formof liquid which evaporates into the gas layer and forms or replaces thegas or a part of the gas of the continuous or discontinuous gas layer orof the gas bubbles or air pockets on the liquid (“self recharging gaslayers”), wherein the initial charging or recharging is effected forexample by way of a negative pressure in the gas layer, said negativepressure being effected by a relative movement between liquid and gaslayer, for example by a ship that moves relative to the water.

Subject matter 2 relates to the use of the device and coating accordingto subject matter 1, characterized in that said surface or interface,which is permanently or intermittently entirely or partially exposed toa liquid, is protected, by means of a continuous or discontinuous,permanently or intermittently existing gas layer under liquid, (i)against fogging, for example with the interaction of organic andinorganic compounds and the biological and biogenic components from theliquid, and/or (ii) against corrosion and/or (iii) against chemicalattack by the liquid and/or gases, molecules, complexes, droplets (inthe case of emulsions) or solid particles dissolved in the liquid,and/or (iv) against (bio)fouling, wherein the fouling may refer inparticular to biofouling, in particular in the form of microfouling,macrofouling, the attack of algae, mussels, barnacles and/or othermarine organisms or a combination of these forms.

Subject matter 3 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the device and coating for the protection ofsurfaces is applied to the surface of ships, yachts, boats and otherwatercraft or to technical installations and structures installed atsea, in particular oil platforms, offshore wind turbines, steelstructures, concrete structures or other technical installationsinstalled in a positionally fixed or in a non-positionally fixed mannerat sea or in fresh water, buoys, conduits and cables, drive devices,ship surfaces, ship propellers and control devices, windows etc. thatare intermittently or permanently under water or are washed over bywater, ship rudders, floodlights and other light-emitting opticalfunctional units.

Subject matter 4 relates to a device and coating according to subjectmatter 1, characterized in that the gas of the continuous ordiscontinuous, permanently or intermittently existing gas layer is air,nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, helium or mixtures of thesegases, and/or the liquid is water, salt water, sea water or alcohol oraqueous or alcoholic solutions.

Subject matter 5 relates to a device and coating according to subjectmatter 1, wherein the coating of the surface comprises surfacestructures, pillars, hairs, studs, which preferably have, entirely or inpart, a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surface, preferablycharacterized in that said surface structures, pillars, hairs, studsetc. are in turn coated with a thin hydrophobic coating which ispreferably 0.1 nm to 2 μm thick, in particular 0.1 nm to 100 nm thick.

Subject matter 6 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1 or5, characterized in that the coating surface structures, pillars, hairs,studs or other structures have a height of 0.01 mm to 5 mm and have ahydrophobic surface with or without hydrophilic patches, end or sidesurfaces.

Subject matter 7 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the gas-retaining coating is applied to theoutside or inside of pipelines or of reaction vessels for chemicalreactions or to the inside of vessels for storing liquids.

Subject matter 8 relates to a coating according to subject matter 1,characterized in that the air is retained utilizing the Salvinia effect,the Notonecta effect or by means of hierarchically structured surfaces.

Subject matter 9 relates to a device and coating according to subjectmatter 1, characterized in that the surface coating involves textiles,fabrics, fiber composites or gas-permeable coatings, semipermeablemembranes or microporous or nanoporous layers, and the gas feed and/orrecharging is performed through said pores and ducts in the textiles,fabrics, fiber composites or gas-permeable coatings, semipermeablemembranes or microporous or nanoporous layers.

Subject matter 10 relates to a device and coating according to subjectmatter 1, characterized in that the (re)charging of the surface with agas layer or the recharging of gas is performed via small nozzles ormicronozzles, preferably through nozzles or micronozzles that areembedded into the surface structure of the structured surface,particularly preferably lying in the depressions of the surface layer,for example at the base of the hairs, pillars or other raised surfacestructures, wherein, in a preferred variant, the structures or pillarsthemselves may function as gas feed nozzles or micronozzles.

FIG. 19, part (a), shows a surface structure composed ofeggbeater-shaped elements. Part (b) shows a surface structure composedof coronet-shaped elements. Part (c) shows a surface structure composedof hydrophobic hairs. Part (d) shows a surface structure composed ofturret-like elements.

FIG. 20 shows an arrangement of a surface covering or of a gas-retaininglayer on a ship wall, wherein the gas-retaining layer is fed with gasfrom the water-averted side.

FIG. 21 shows a surface structure composed of depressions. FIG. 22likewise shows a surface structure composed of depressions, wherein thesurface optionally has a hydrophobic coating.

Functional Elements for Applying a Gas Layer Under Liquid

In summary, one aspect describes gas layers on surfaces under liquid,which are of great technological interest for friction reduction in thecase of ships and in pipelines and for protection of the surface againstfogging, (bio)fouling, corrosion and chemical attack.

By means of suitable surface structuring, it is possible for a layer ofgas or of gas bubbles, which adheres to the surface, to be entrainedunder liquid. The problem is that such surfaces are often of complexstructure and are often difficult to produce over a large area, such aswould be required, for example, for a ship coating. Production directlyin a shipyard or on the offshore platform etc. is also possible onlywith difficulty.

Said problems are solved by the application of said structured,gas-retaining surface to a modular carrier or by the structuring of thesurface of the carrier itself, wherein said modular carrier may be arigid or elastic or ductile “tile” or “slab” or foil or foil element,which may preferably be composed of polymer, ceramic, metal (steel,copper, silver etc.), textile, a porous material, a semiconductormaterial or other materials, and which has a structured surface orhierarchically structured surface for retaining the air layer. Themodular carrier itself is then applied, adhesively bonded, screwed,cemented, soldered or welded, or reversibly or irreversibly connected bythermal treatment, to the underlying surface, or fastened in some otherway to the surface of the product or object which is to be equipped witha gas layer under liquid.

One aspect relates to the modular attachment of elements withfriction-reducing properties or antifouling properties or withproperties for retaining gas under liquid or generating or building up agas layer.

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and sharkskin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

The problem consists in the reversible and also retroactive, inexpensiveapplication of partially complex surface structures.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, use is made of modular areal elements (which are the subjectof this invention) which have the above-stated surface properties andwhich can be applied to the surface, for example the outside of ships orthe inside of pipelines, even retroactively, for example by adhesivebonding.

Optional variants and features relate to the

-   -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties;    -   application of flexible areal elements;    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding;    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part;    -   use of metallic surface structures;    -   use of surfaces and/or surface structures composed of copper or        silver;    -   use of surfaces and/or surface structures composed of iron or        steel;    -   use of surfaces, surface structures, pillars, spines, fabrics,        fiber structures, fiber felts and meshes composed of iron or        iron alloys, steel or high-grade steel without or with coating,        in the latter case said coating preferably being realized by        thin polymer coatings;    -   use of ceramic surface structures;    -   use of surfaces and/or surface structures composed of polymers,        resins, epoxy;    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer;    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid;    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction;    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels;    -   combination of the above charging of the gas layer        (“replenishing”) with additional devices for artificially        refilling or replenishing the gas layer, for example        capillaries, membranes, textiles etc.;    -   coating of the surfaces with Teflon, polytetrafluoroethylene and        the derivatives thereof, in particular also microparticles and        nanoparticles of said substances;    -   coating of the surfaces with commercially available        anti-adhesion sprays or else microparticles and nanoparticles;    -   use of surface structures composed of polymers, resins, PDMS,        silicon, silicon dioxide and silicon hydroxide, metals, steel        and steel fibers, high-grade steel, epoxy;    -   embossing the surface structures into lacquer, including ship        lacquer, with and without subsequent surface functionalization        or coating, for example with Teflon or Nano Teflon (preferred        layer thickness 0.15 nm to 500 nm);    -   device as described immediately above, possibly also coupled        with measurement and/or control and/or regulating devices which        measure and control the state of the gas layer overall or in        spatially resolved fashion and automatically trigger gas        replenishment if required;    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part;    -   use of metallic surface structures;    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer;    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid;    -   use of hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces and surface        structures for the gas-retaining surfaces;    -   use of hairs, pillars, coronet structures, eggbeater structures,        turrets and other raised structures, which are preferably        provided with a liquid-repelling coating (with a hydrophobic or        superhydrophobic coating if the liquid is water), for the        surfaces for the purpose of retaining gas in or between said        structures;    -   use of depressions, hollows, holes and recesses and other        recessed structures, which are preferably provided with a        liquid-repelling coating (with a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic        coating if the liquid is water), for the surfaces for the        purpose of retaining gas in or between said structures;    -   use of a combination of hairs, pillars, coronet structures,        eggbeater structures, turrets and other raised structures, and        depressions, hollows, holes and recesses, which are preferably        provided with a liquid-repelling coating (with a hydrophobic or        superhydrophobic coating if the liquid is water), for the        surfaces for the purpose of retaining gas in or between said        structures;    -   use of valves and throughflow regulators and actuating elements        for the control and/or regulation of the gas feed to the outlet        openings which effect the initial filling or refilling of the        gas layer;    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

A device for retaining an air layer under water, or more generally a gaslayer under liquid, may be characterized in that the gas layer isdivided into individual “compartments”; area elements which, at theedge, are specially protected against the escape of gas in the edgeregion by zones of relatively dense hair, by hydrophilic webs or pins ina high-density arrangement or by projecting hydrophilic walls, that isto say hydrophilic walls that protrude upward to a certain extent.

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and shark skin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

The problem however consists in that

-   (i) the air escapes at the edges of the coating, and-   (ii) in the case of extensive surfaces covered with gas layers,    considerable pressure differences often exist between different    points of the layer. An example is a vertical wall under water.    Owing to the hydrostatic pressure, which increases linearly with    water depth, the different points of the surface are subjected to    different static pressure. If the surface is equipped with a    gas-retaining layer and is thus covered by a gas layer under liquid,    the gas is forced from regions of high pressure to regions of low    pressure. A gas layer of homogeneous thickness is thus not formed,    and—even more seriously—the gas layer in the zones of relatively    high pressure will ultimately escape.-   (iii) a corresponding problem also exists if the pressure gradient    in the layer is not based on hydrostatic pressure but is based on    dynamic pressure differences for example owing to different flow    speeds of the surrounding liquid at different locations on the    surface.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, the problem is solved in that the gas-retaining surfaces donot retain a continuous gas layer, and instead the gas layer is dividedinto individual “compartments”; segments which are sealed against gasflow and of which each is small enough—in particular, in the presence ofgravitational pressure gradients, has a vertical extent smallenough—that the pressure differences within a compartment are smallenough to avoid a considerably inhomogeneous distribution of the gaswithin a compartment, that is to say to avoid considerable differencesin air layer thickness.

In a further method according to the invention and the further deviceaccording to the invention, it is furthermore the case that the edges ofthe gas-retaining surface and the edges of the individual compartmentsare protected, by special measures, against an escape of gas at theedges, wherein said measures may consist in an increase in the arealdensity of the gas-retaining structures, in an enlargement of thehydrophilic pins, in the use of linearly extensive structures, in aspecial hydrophilic coating of the delimiting webs, hairs or pins.

Optional variants and features relate to the

-   -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. (hereinafter also        referred to as “air tiles”) with the desired surface properties;    -   application of flexible areal elements;    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding;    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part;    -   use of metallic surface structures;    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer;    -   use of surfaces which only form, build up or retain a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid;    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of ball bearing with balls composed of gas or air—for        mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction;    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

The novel concept of the air tiles:

-   -   tiles and foils or foil elements that retain a gas layer under        liquid;    -   can be applied in modular, flexible fashion to smooth or rough,        curved or non-curved surfaces of any size;    -   can be easily applied to existing surfaces;    -   tiles with an air layer—or more generally: a gas layer—under        liquid;    -   modular;    -   can be easily applied to existing surfaces;    -   tiles, that is to say areal elements of any desired shape, which        retain or build up a gas layer under liquid, for example under        water;    -   and arrangements of such elements;    -   and apparatuses, for example ships or pipelines, which have such        elements on their outer or inner surfaces;    -   tiles, that is to say areal elements of any desired shape, which        retain or build up a gas layer under liquid, for example under        water;    -   and arrangements of such elements;    -   including areal elements which, in a periodic arrangement,        completely cover the areas;    -   and apparatuses, for example ships or pipelines, which have such        elements on their outer or inner surfaces;    -   no large pressure gradient within a tile;    -   hydrostatic pressure difference within a tile is at most density        of the liquid×height of the tile×gravitational acceleration;    -   problems owing to edge effects are solved by        compartmentalization and edge sealing within a tile;    -   in the case of systems with rechargeable gas layer, feed lines        or gas charging systems may be integrated into the module or the        modular carrier;    -   modular concept;    -   simple assembly;    -   simple exchange of damaged tiles;    -   owing to flexible carrier, can also be applied to curved        surfaces;    -   reversible coating;    -   adhesive bonding and debonding have already been technically        achieved;    -   requires no particular ship construction;    -   requires no specific underlying surface;    -   highly suited to the enormous refurbishing market;    -   and for new ships.

The novel concept of the air tiles:

-   -   even partial coatings are possible;    -   short assembly times;    -   suitable for a wide variety of ship sizes;    -   upscaling is thus very easily possible;    -   it is not necessary to produce large surfaces, only large unit        quantities of individual tiles or foil elements or foil rolls;    -   a wide variety of materials are possible for the air-retaining        layer, for the carrier material and for the adhesive;    -   this permits simple adaptation to the ambient conditions (fresh        water, salt water etc.);    -   individual elements, preferably 0.2 cm×0.2 cm up to 10 cm×10 cm,        within the surface of a carrier element (“air tile” or “tile”)        are partitioned off, as an air-retaining surface unit, by means        of a terminating—preferably hydrophilic—edge;    -   concept: creating compartments for partitioning so as to prevent        air exchange between the compartments;    -   10 cm×10 cm up to 100 cm×100 cm as preferred size for the air        tiles (with assembly of compartments within each tile) and with        assembly of the air tiles to cover larger areas;    -   friction reduction with modular coating, spatially selective,        where and as required;    -   air retention under real operating conditions;    -   owing to the modular approach, simultaneous mounting of        different types of tiles or foils or foil elements with        different coating at different points of the object to be        coated, for example of the ship, is possible in accordance with        locally required function and locally prevailing pressure and        flow conditions (for air retention) and light conditions        (relevant with regard to biofouling).

Modular concept:

-   -   simple assembly;    -   simple exchange of damaged tiles;    -   further advantage: decoupling of production location of the        surface coating from the location at which said surface coating        is applied to the surface, for example the ship. This is        important because the production of the surfaces, which are        partially of complex structure, for retaining gas under liquid        requires a special production process which cannot readily be        implemented by way of production facilities adjacent to every        ship to be coated or even at sea in the offshore sector.    -   further advantage: compact production plants because there is no        need to produce extremely large surfaces, only small tiles or        foil elements or foil webs.    -   further advantage: the size of the surfaces to be covered is not        limited by the size of the production plant: with an adequate        number of small tiles, surfaces of any size can be covered.    -   consequential advantage: there is no need for the production        process to be scaled up to surfaces larger than the individual        tile or the individual foil web or the individual foil element        (=one surface element of a certain size and shape).    -   non-toxic;    -   inexpensive;    -   low weight;    -   visually appealing and can be adapted to the appearance of the        ship (color, livery etc.);    -   non-combustible and non-flammable;    -   can be easily combined with tiles based on other        friction-reducing technologies (tiles with shark skin/dolphin        skin, hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces etc.);    -   no particular expert knowledge required during the attachment        process;    -   no special equipment required;    -   inexpensive mass production of a standard product at the factory        rather than cumbersome special coating using special machines on        location at the ship.

Objective: persistent air layers under water

Content: air retention on artificial surfaces

Air retention:

-   -   permanent or temporally limited    -   under negative pressure    -   in the flow gradient.

Advantages and properties

-   -   modular production, adaptable to any object sizes and object        shapes, surfaces can be covered completely;    -   permanent air retention;    -   air retention under negative pressure;    -   air retention in the flow gradient.

FIG. 23 shows a ship 2′, the wall of which is provided with amultiplicity of tiles 6 or slabs (“air tiles”) such that there, agas-retaining layer protects the ship wall against the influence of thewater.

FIG. 24 shows a surface covering or tile 6 which has partitions 42 forfluidically separating a multiplicity of regions of the gas-retaininglayer 10 from one another.

FIG. 25 shows a tile or slab (“air tile”).

FIG. 26 shows a section through a ship wall that is provided with tiles6 or slabs (“air tiles”).

Use of Air-Retaining or Gas-Retaining Surfaces

In summary, one aspect describes the use of air-retaining orgas-retaining surfaces under water or some other liquid for the purposeof protecting surfaces against corrosion by the liquid or by components,ions or additives and constituents contained in the liquid—includingpossible reactive solid particles contained in the liquid.

The protection of surfaces against corrosion is of great technicalsignificance. In particular, solid body surfaces, for example metalsurfaces under liquid, for example under water, in particular under saltwater, are subject to intense corrosion attack. Providingcorrosion-preventing lacquer coatings is expedient here, though this isalso associated with considerable disadvantages. These include inparticular: (i) over time, lacquers become brittle and cracked andbecome detached, (ii) they often release toxic constituents into thewater, (iii) they often exhibit only limited long-term temperatureresistance in applications in the range of relatively high temperatures,and (iv) they are—in particular in the case of use under chemicallyaggressive media such as acids, brines, strong oxidants orreductants—often themselves not adequately resistant to the liquidmedium.

With the method according to the invention and the device according tothe invention, said four problems are solved in that the liquid mediumis prevented entirely from coming into contact with the vessel or withthe pipe or other wall, and instead, use is made of containers andvessels composed of air (or some other gas), that is to say, between theactual vessel wall or pipe wall or other boundary, a layer composed of agas (which is preferably inert in the given chemical environment) isapplied, as a gas layer, to the surface, and thus contact betweenreactive liquid and vessel wall is prevented, wherein, for theapplication of a persistent gas layer to the surface, a gas-retainingcoating is applied, for example utilizing the Salvinia or the Notonectaeffect.

Optional variants and features relate to the

-   -   utilization of the gas layer also for gas exchange, for        introduction of reaction gases (reagents), for the removal of        reaction products or for cleaning and flushing purposes.    -   application of flexible gas-retaining surface elements.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said gas layer or said pattern of gas pockets or gas        bubbles under liquid also for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

The production of surfaces which retain gas under liquid using aperiodic or non-periodic array of metallic pins (small metal bars orspikes or wires which stand perpendicular or obliquely to the surface towhich they have been applied), composed preferably of high-grade steel,with or without capillary for the refilling of the gas layer, with orwithout utilization of the Salvinia effect utilizing a hydrophilicregion on the end of an otherwise hydrophobic metal pin.

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

The problem consists in technically implementing such surfaces, based onthe example of Salvinia molesta or Notonecta glauca, for example, suchthat they exhibit long service lives under the mechanically andchemically demanding operating conditions of deep-sea shipping, forexample:

-   -   it is thus necessary to ensure mechanical stability of the        coating in the presence of intense swell and wave surge    -   and corresponding corrosion resistance under the corrosive        action of the sea water.

An ideal material that meets the two stated conditions is high-gradesteel. Therefore, in the method according to the invention and thedevice according to the invention, corresponding layers that retain airunder water are designed such that main components of the layer,preferably also the hairs, pillars or other structures applied to thesurface for the purpose of retaining the air layer, are composed ofsteel, preferably rust-resistant high-grade steel.

A further advantage is that, in one variant of the method, theair-retaining structures may be formed entirely or partially ashigh-grade steel cannulas, on the side or at the end of which there issituated an opening via which the air or gas layer can be refilled(“recharged”) with gas in the event of a loss of gas.

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   application of metal chips or steel chips.    -   application of arrays of small metal pins.    -   use of steel, iron and iron alloys, or else other metals or        carbon fibers, as air-retaining structures.    -   use of metal felts or metal wire meshes or fabrics.    -   use of metallic surface structures by embossment or other        machining of metallic surfaces.    -   use of embossed or otherwise structured metal sheets or metal        foils, including the use of thin and extremely thin steel        sheets.    -   use of surface structures that form, build up or retain only a        regular or irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under        liquid, rather than a continuous gas layer.    -   use for friction reduction in liquid.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Use of air-retaining or gas-retaining surfaces under water, or someother liquid, for protection against adhesion to the solid wall orvessel surface in the event of solidification of the liquid, for examplein the event of freezing of water.

Vessels into which a medium is to be introduced for solidification, forexample water, for example in an icemaker or in the ice compartment of arefrigerator, normally have two problems: (i) the thermal contraction orexpansion during the solidification process and (ii) the adhesion of thesolidified medium to the vessel wall.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, the adhesion problem is solved by virtue of the vessel beingequipped with a gas-retaining coating and the liquid itself thus notcoming into contact with the vessel or pipe walls. If the gas-retainingstructures are made so as to be elastic—preferably so as to be inclinedrelative to the surface—and also long enough that, during the phasechange, they can compensate for the expansion or contraction bydeformation of the structures and by a change in their angle ofinclination, and the simultaneous change in the gas volume of the layer,problem (i) is also solved. Use may alternatively be made of elasticvessel walls, composed for example of rubber, silicon rubber etc., whichthen bear the gas-retaining coating.

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of vessel walls and surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating in pipes or in chemical reaction vessels.

Device for retaining an air layer under water or generally a gas layerunder liquid, characterized in that the gas layer is not of continuousform but is in the form of an array of small gas bubbles at predefinedpoints on the surface, in a preferred embodiment configured such thatthe gas bubbles form at predefined points on the surface which, bytopographical structure and/or by the chemical functionalization of thesurface, exhibit preference, in terms of energy, for the stabilizationof the gas bubbles, wherein, in a preferred variant of the method,nucleation centers are formed at the points at which the gas bubbles areintended to form and the nucleation centers are characterized by thefact that—for example by way of a point of increased topographicalroughness or chemical inhomogeneity of the surface—they locallydecrease, at a defined location, the activation energy for forming a gasbubble.

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and shark skin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

The problem however consists in that

-   (i) the air escapes at the edges of the coating, and-   (ii) in the case of extensive surfaces covered with gas layers,    considerable pressure differences often exist between different    points of the layer. An example is a vertical wall under water.    Owing to the hydrostatic pressure, which increases linearly with    water depth, the different points of the surface are subjected to    different static pressure. If the surface is equipped with a    gas-retaining layer and is thus covered by a gas layer under liquid,    the gas is forced from regions of high pressure to regions of low    pressure. A gas layer of homogeneous thickness is thus not formed,    and—even more seriously—the gas layer in the zones of relatively    high pressure will ultimately escape.-   (iii) A corresponding problem also exists if the pressure gradients    in the layer are not pressure gradients based on the hydrostatic    pressure but are pressure gradients based on dynamic pressure    differences for example owing to different flow speeds of the    surrounding liquid at different locations on the surface.-   (iv) The problem also consists in the reversible, also retroactive,    inexpensive application of partially complex surface structures.-   (v) There is also a desire for a simple means for realizing    regeneration or—ideally—self-regeneration of the air layer.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, instead of a continuous air layer or compartments of airlayers, use is made of an arrangement of individual air bubbles whichpreferably form at desired locations in a manner induced by surfacestructures. For this purpose, a device for retaining an air layer underwater or generally a gas layer under liquid is produced and used,characterized in that the gas layer is not of continuous form but is inthe form of an array of small gas bubbles at predefined points on thesurface, in a preferred embodiment configured such that the gas bubblesform at predefined points on the surface which, by topographicalstructure and/or by the chemical functionalization of the surface,exhibit preference, in terms of energy, for the stabilization of the gasbubbles, wherein, in a preferred variant of the method, nucleationcenters are formed at the points at which the gas bubbles are intendedto form and the nucleation centers are characterized by the factthat—for example by way of a point of increased topographical roughnessor chemical inhomogeneity of the surface—they locally decrease, at adefined location, the activation energy for forming a gas bubble.

In one variant of the stated device, use is made of areal elements(which are the subject of an invention filed in parallel) which have theabove-stated surface properties and which can be applied to the surface,for example the outside of ships or the inside of pipelines, evenretroactively, for example by adhesive bonding.

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Device for retaining an air layer under water or generally a gas layerunder liquid, characterized in that the gas layer under liquid is formedautonomously, that is to say there is no need to introduce an air layerunder water, instead the continuous or discontinuous gas layer (thelatter being in the form of gas bubbles on surfaces) forming of its ownaccord, for example through utilization of gas molecules dissolved inthe liquid or evaporation of the liquid under negative pressure,

characterized in that, by topographical and/or chemical structuring,regions are produced in which the ingress of liquid would expend such ahigh level of surface energy that liquid-free regions under liquid areformed of their own accord (“air pockets”)—in one variant of the method,by the periodic or non-periodic arrangement, on the surface, of hairs orspikes of a particular shape, preferably of nonwetting hairs or otherstructures which form an open or closed “crown” which entirely orpartially surrounds the gas bubble that forms

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and shark skin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

The problem consists in that, under adverse operating conditions (wavesurge, wave impact in the case of ship coatings etc.) or over relativelylong periods of time, partial or complete, local or extensive gas lossoccurs in places or overall.

Subsequent artificial refilling or replenishment of the gas iscumbersome, requires monitoring and requires suitable, possiblyexpensive apparatuses for filling and monitoring, and even a fillingfacility for each compartment in the case of a compartment structure ofthe air layer, and even a filling facility for each gas bubble in thecase of a gas bubble structure.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, said problem is solved in that use is made of a device forretaining an air layer under water or generally a gas layer underliquid, characterized in that the gas layer under liquid is formedautonomously, that is to say there is no need to introduce an air layerunder water, instead the continuous or discontinuous gas layer (thelatter being in the form of gas bubbles on surfaces) forming of its ownaccord, for example through utilization of gas molecules dissolved inthe liquid or evaporation of the liquid under negative pressure,characterized in that, by topographical and/or chemical structuring,regions are produced in which the ingress of liquid would expend such ahigh level of surface energy that liquid-free regions under liquid areformed of their own accord (“air pockets”)—in one variant of the method,by the periodic or non-periodic arrangement, on the surface, of hairs orspikes of a particular shape, preferably of nonwetting hairs or otherstructures which form an open or closed “crown” which entirely orpartially surrounds the gas bubble that forms.

In one variant of the stated device, use is made of areal elements(which are the subject of an invention filed in parallel) which have theabove-stated surface properties and which can be applied to the surface,for example the outside of ships or the inside of pipelines, evenretroactively, for example by adhesive bonding.

Further variants or features relate to a

-   -   combination of the above self-charging of the gas layer with        additional devices for artificially refilling or replenishing        the gas layer, for example capillaries, membranes, textiles        etc.,    -   device as described immediately above, possibly also coupled        with measurement and/or control and/or regulating devices which        measure and control the state of the gas layer overall or in        spatially resolved fashion and automatically trigger        replenishment if required.    -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Device for retaining air or gas bubbles (“air pockets”) under liquid,characterized in that use is made of hairs with an open or closedcoronet structure or else groups of simple curved hairs directly on thesurface such that the hairs, as a group, form a coronet, that is to sayan open “vessel” in which the air or gas bubble is enclosed and securelyretained under liquid even in the flowing medium or counter to theaction of buoyancy—in a preferred embodiment, with the hair surfacesbeing equipped with a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surface or surfacecoating, likewise preferably with elastic hairs which, under mechanicalload, can deform together with the gas bubble, furthermore—in onevariant of the invention—use of the gas bubbles in the coronet asnucleation centers for the autonomous or artificial refilling of a gaslayer proceeding from gas bubbles in the coronet.

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and shark skin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

A problem consists in the controlled nucleation and retention ofindividual gas bubbles at a defined location, and the secure retentionthereof with respect to external forces.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, a device for retaining air or gas bubbles (“air pockets”)under liquid is produced and used, characterized in that use is made ofhairs with an open or closed coronet structure or else groups of simplecurved hairs directly on the surface such that the hairs, as a group,form a coronet, that is to say an open “vessel” in which the air or gasbubble is enclosed and securely retained under liquid even in theflowing medium or counter to the action of buoyancy—in a preferredembodiment, with the hair surfaces being equipped with a hydrophobic orsuperhydrophobic surface or surface coating, likewise preferably withelastic hairs which, under mechanical load, can deform together with thegas bubble, furthermore—in one variant of the invention—use of the gasbubbles in the coronet as nucleation centers for the autonomous orartificial refilling of a gas layer proceeding from gas bubbles in thecoronet.

In one variant of the method, use is made of open or closed coronetswhich are situated not directly on the surface but which are situated onthe end of a stem of a multi-core or forked stem (open or closed“eggbeater structure”).

In a further variant of the stated device, use is made of areal elements(which are the subject of an invention filed in parallel) which have theabove-stated surface properties and which can be applied to the surface,for example the outside of ships or the inside of pipelines, evenretroactively, for example by adhesive bonding.

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   use of elastic hairs or structures for forming the coronet        structure.    -   use of hairs or coronets which have entirely or partially        hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surfaces or are entirely or        partially provided with a coating which is hydrophobic or        superhydrophobic.    -   use of open or closed coronet structures.    -   use in combination with a gas-retaining underply layer        (“aerenchyma”).    -   production of the coronet structures from polymers, metals or        ceramic materials.    -   production of the coronet structures by molding of master        structures and/or by three-dimensional laser structuring or        production of master structures by three-dimensional laser        structuring or laser lithography and subsequent molding of said        structures without or after an inversion process having taken        place.    -   combination of the above self-charging of the gas layer with        additional devices for artificially refilling or replenishing        the gas layer, for example capillaries, membranes, textiles        etc.,    -   device as described immediately above, possibly also coupled        with measurement and/or control and/or regulating devices which        measure and control the state of the gas layer overall or in        spatially resolved fashion and automatically trigger        replenishment if required.    -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Device for retaining an air layer under water or generally a gas layerunder liquid, characterized in that, under the layer that retains theair, based on the example of Notonecta glauca or Salvinia molesta, forexample, there is situated a porous, microporous or nanoporous,hydrophobic or superhydrophobic layer which can act as an air store inthe event of mechanical load on the air layer, such that the air layeris not released but is forced into the air storage layer and, after theload ceases to act, is partially or entirely released again.

The retention of a gas layer under liquids, for example under water, isof great technical interest. There is great usage potential for suchsurfaces for example in the field of ship coatings, inter alia forfriction reduction and for the attainment of antifouling effects.

Such surfaces have already been produced on a laboratory scale. Amongothers, the Salvinia effect, hierarchical structuring based on theexample of Notonecta, and shark skin and dolphin skin effects have beenimplemented successfully.

The problem consists in that, under adverse operating conditions (wavesurge, wave impact in the case of ship coatings etc.) or over relativelylong periods of time, partial or complete, local or extensive gas lossoccurs in places or overall.

Subsequent artificial refilling or replenishment of the gas iscumbersome, requires monitoring and requires suitable, possiblyexpensive apparatuses for filling and monitoring, and even a fillingfacility for each compartment in the case of a compartment structure ofthe air layer, and even a filling facility for each gas bubble in thecase of a gas bubble structure.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, the loss of air in the event of pressure loads acting on thelayer is prevented by providing protective withdrawal facilities for theair. This is achieved through the use of a device for retaining an airlayer under water or generally a gas layer under liquid, characterizedin that, under the layer that retains the air, based on the example ofNotonecta glauca or Salvinia molesta, for example, there is situated aporous, microporous or nanoporous, hydrophobic or superhydrophobic layerwhich can act as an air store in the event of mechanical load on the airlayer, such that the air layer is not released but is forced into theaerenchyma and, after the load ceases to act, is released again.

In a further variant of the stated device, use is made of areal elements(which are the subject of an invention filed in parallel) which have theabove-stated surface properties and which can be applied to the surface,for example the outside of ships or the inside of pipelines, evenretroactively, for example by adhesive bonding.

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   use of an air storage layer in the form of a dense arrangement        of fine thin hairs or wires in the form of a “pelt”.    -   use of an air storage layer in the form of a dense arrangement        of fine thin hairs or wires in the form of a felt or fibre        network with disordered or preferably oriented fibres.    -   use of an air storage layer as described immediately above,        wherein the felt or the network is constructed from textile        fibers or from metal wires.    -   use of an air storage layer in the form of a porous, microporous        or nanoporous material.    -   use of an air storage layer as described immediately above,        wherein the porous material is a polymer or a metal or a ceramic        material.    -   use of an air storage layer as described immediately above,        wherein the porous material is a polymer blend layer from which        one of the polymer components has been removed by way of a        selective solvent—preferably after the layer formation process        with accompanying phase separation—in this way a porous layer        has been produced which then—with or without additional        hydrophobization of the pore inner surfaces and/or of the layer        surface—serves as an air store.    -   use of a precursor for the production of a metallic or ceramic        layer as one of the two components and production of such a        porous metallic or ceramic layer by subsequent thermal        treatment.    -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Ball bearing composed of air or gas balls: reduction of friction ofsurfaces under liquid by coating or partial coating with an arrangementof gas bubbles, preferably in “air pockets”, niches or clasping meanswhich are preferred from an energy aspect and which are pinned againstdetachment and which may be situated directly on the surface but whichthemselves may in turn be situated on the end of a hair or of a rod orminiature leaf spring or other holding means, and the formation ofrotary, antifriction and plain bearings under liquid from gas balls ofsaid type, wherein the pinned gas balls perform the function of theballs in conventional ball bearings—with the advantages of theself-recharging, the freedom from wear and thus the unlimited servicelife with regard to mechanical abrasion, and with additional advantageswith regard to the freedom from abraded particles (must be held insuspension, lead to further mechanical wear, can be deposited and formsolid sediments which can limit the service life of mechanical movingcomponents) and freedom from lubricants (oils etc. age, must be changed,are poisonous and are incompatible with living organisms, and must bedisposed of).

The development of bearings, for example of rolling, antifriction andplain bearings, which have a long service life, low wear and lowfriction and in which, in particular, adhesive friction upon start-upand bearing damage during long standstill periods are eliminated, is atechnical challenge. Magnetic bearings are expensive and cannot be usedunder all ambient conditions.

In particular under liquids, above all also if these are corrosiveliquids (such as salt water) or chemically aggressive liquids (acids,brines, oxidants), a real technical problem exists.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, the problem is solved through the use of ball bearings,antifriction and plain bearings composed of air or gas bubbles and ofarrangements of such balls (for plain bearings, for example of planarsurfaces which are coated with such balls composed of gas under liquid(gas bubbles)): a reduction in friction of surfaces under liquid isachieved by coating or partial coating with an arrangement of gasbubbles, preferably in “air pockets”, niches or clasping means which arepreferred from an energy aspect and which are pinned against detachmentand which may be situated directly on the surface but which themselvesmay also in turn be situated on the end of a hair or of a rod orminiature leaf spring or other holding means, and the formation ofrotary, antifriction and plain bearings under liquid from gas balls ofsaid type, wherein the pinned gas balls perform the function of theballs in conventional ball bearings—with the advantages of theself-recharging, the freedom from wear and thus the quasi-unlimitedservice life with regard to mechanical abrasion, and with additionaladvantages with regard to the freedom from abraded particles (must beheld in suspension, lead to further mechanical wear, can be depositedand form solid sediments which can limit the service life of mechanicalmoving components) and freedom from lubricants (oils etc. undergo aging,must be changed, are poisonous and are incompatible with livingorganisms, and must be disposed of).

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   use of a persistent gas layer or of compartments composed of gas        layers which are retained on the surface, instead of the        individual gas balls (gas bubbles).    -   use of positionally fixed, pinned gas bubbles.    -   use of non-positionally fixed or non-pinned gas bubbles which        can move in a defined environment, similarly to the balls of        “normal” ball bearings, movable in and possibly with its ball        cage.    -   combination with facilities for charging the gas layer or the        gas balls (“replenishing”), in the event of a loss of gas, by        means of additional devices for artificially refilling or        replenishing the gas layer, for example capillaries, membranes,        textiles, etc.,    -   device as described immediately above, possibly also coupled        with measurement and/or control and/or regulating devices which        measure and control the state of the gas layer overall or in        spatially resolved fashion and automatically trigger        replenishment if required.    -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of ship surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Chemical reaction vessels, pipes and conduits with walls composed ofair: chemical reaction vessels of stable form for reactions of liquidsor of liquids with included solid components and particles,characterized in that the reaction vessel walls—which in a preferreddesign variant are dimensionally stable and dimensionally defined—arecomposed of an air or gas layer generated by way of a solid vessel wallcoated with structures for gas retention under liquid,

and the use of such devices for the execution of chemical reactions andphysical and chemical processes, in one variant of the method withadditional utilization of the gas layer for the feed of reactionreagents and for the discharge of reaction products,in a further variant of the method for utilizing the gas layer forcleaning and flushing with gas, for monitoring the pressure in thereaction vessel, for the discharge or feed of heat energy, or for acombination of the stated things.

The provision of suitable reaction vessels for reactions under extremeconditions, high temperatures or with chemically reactive liquid mediaplaces high demands on the vessel walls.

A further problem is that, after coming into contact with a liquid, thevessel walls must often be cleaned in a cumbersome manner before anotherliquid can be introduced into the vessel or passed through the line.This applies in particular in the case of vessels for foodstuffs. Afterthe transportation of toxic liquids into a vessel or a pipeline, thismust be carefully cleaned before being filled with liquid foodstuffssuch as beverages, milk etc.

In the method according to the invention and the device according to theinvention, the stated problems are solved in that the vessel walls donot come into contact with the liquid and, therefore, it is also notpossible for liquid residues to remain on the vessel walls, and it isalso not possible for chemical reactions to take place between theliquid and the vessel walls by virtue of the fact that a persistent gaslayer is introduced between the liquid and the vessel wall. In effect,use is made of “chemical reaction vessels, pipes and conduits with wallscomposed of air”: Use is made of chemical reaction vessels of stableform for reactions of liquids or of liquids with included solidcomponents and particles, characterized in that the reaction vesselwalls—which in a preferred design variant are dimensionally stable anddimensionally defined—are composed of an air or gas layer generated byway of a solid vessel wall coated with structures for gas retentionunder liquid.

Also claimed is the use of such devices for the execution of chemicalreactions and physical and chemical processes, in one variant of themethod with additional utilization of the gas layer for the feed ofreaction reagents and for the discharge of reaction products.

A further variant of the method involves utilizing the gas layer forcleaning and flushing with gas, for monitoring the pressure in thereaction vessel, for the discharge or feed of heat energy, or for acombination of the stated things.

Further variants or features relate to the

-   -   use of a persistent gas layer or of compartments composed of gas        layers which are retained on the surface, instead of the        individual gas balls (gas bubbles).    -   use of positionally fixed, pinned gas bubbles.    -   use of non-positionally fixed or non-pinned gas bubbles which        can move in a defined environment, similarly to the balls of        “normal” ball bearings, movable in and possibly with its ball        cage.    -   combination with facilities for charging the gas layer or the        gas balls (“replenishing”), in the event of a loss of gas, by        means of additional devices for artificially refilling or        replenishing the gas layer, for example capillaries, membranes,        textiles, etc.,    -   device as described immediately above, possibly also coupled        with measurement and/or control and/or regulating devices which        measure and control the state of the gas layer overall or in        spatially resolved fashion and automatically trigger        replenishment if required.    -   application in the form of tiles, slabs etc. with the desired        surface properties.    -   application of flexible areal elements.    -   application by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding.    -   coating of inner and outer surfaces—entirely or in part.    -   use of metallic surface structures.    -   use of surfaces with continuous air layer.    -   use of surfaces which form, build up or retain only a regular or        irregular pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid.    -   use of said pattern of gas pockets or gas bubbles under liquid        as a form of “ball bearing with balls composed of gas or        air”—for mechanical guidance and/or for friction reduction.    -   use as a coating on ships, in flow ducts, in pipes or in        chemical reaction vessels.

Underwater air-retaining structured surfaces with air retention in theform of “air layers”, “air compartments” and “air pockets”: continuousair layers, air compartments of limited areal extent and local airpockets and bubbles and the variant of irregular structuring withcontinuous transition between these cases.

Gas layers on surfaces under liquid are of great technological interestfor friction reduction in the case of ships and in pipelines and forprotection of the surface against fogging, (bio)fouling, corrosion andchemical attack.

By means of suitable surface structuring, it is possible for a layer ofgas or of gas bubbles, which adheres to the surface, to be entrainedunder liquid. The problem is that of finding suitable surface structureswhich, even in the event of pressure fluctuations, retain the continuousor discontinuous gas layer under liquid permanently or at least forcertain periods of time.

Said problems are solved by means of a hydrophobic or superhydrophobicsurface which is topographically structured such that the gas layer orgas bubbles are retained, and in a preferred variant additionallyimpeded from escaping by hydrophilic pins, and/or, for the gas bubbles,certain topographically pre-shaped regions, “air pockets”, in thesurface structure are created which permit stable storage of small gasvolumes under liquid in stable fashion. Here, use may be made of roughsurfaces even on the millimeter scale or micrometer scale or nanometerscale, or a combination of several of said length scales, in orderthereby to realize superhydrophobic characteristics by way of thenanoroughness and to realize the air pockets by way of the roughness inthe millimeter and micrometer range, said air pockets preferably havingtypical dimensions in the range between 10 μm and 5 mm, particularlypreferably between 0.1 mm and 3 mm. Said air pockets may then likewise,in a preferred variant, have hydrophilic pinning centers on theirotherwise hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surface in order to securelyretain the air-water interface and thus prevent the escape of gasbubbles.

Here, the pinning may also take place on multiple structuring planes(hierarchical pinning or two-level or multi-level pinning effect) or onirregularly structured surfaces even with a continuous hierarchy (whichcorresponds to an infinite number of hierarchical planes). Here, in theevent of the pinning taking place in the upper hierarchical planes,extensive air-coated regions can be formed, with even continuous,coherent air layers being formed above a so-called percolationthreshold; only when air escapes somewhere and the water reaches thelower hierarchical planes are spatially mutually separate air volumesformed on the surface (“compartment structure”) until, in the event of ayet further ingress of water, for example owing to very high pressurefluctuations, yet more air is lost and finally only the air pocketsremain as a final air reserve. Said air pockets then have a triplefunction:

-   -   they serve as a final air reservoir that can be eliminated only        with difficulty, as an “emergency reserve of air”.    -   They nevertheless protect a major part, typically 60% to 98% of        the entire surface, against oxidation, chemical attack or        (bio)fouling and have a friction-reducing action, and above all:    -   They act as nuclei for the restoration of the air layer, both in        the case of active refilling of the gas layer (“replenishing”)        and also in the self-regeneration process of the air layer.

This targeted structuring on multiple planes, or length and possiblyalso height scales, and—in a preferred variant—additionally hierarchicalpinning, exhibits the said three stages of air retention in the simplestcase:

-   1. Continuous air layer, borne and supported by only individual    supporting structures (hairs, pillars, elevations) which may be    hydrophobic or superhydrophobic with or without hydrophilic pinning    centers (the latter, if present, preferably on the upper end of said    supporting structures). The friction between liquid and solid body    is thereby massively reduced, in part to below 5% of the value    without air layer. However, in this state (which is virtually ideal    for all other technical properties), the susceptibility to air loss    in the event of pressure fluctuations is high. The activation    barriers with regard to air loss—for example by escape of gas    bubbles—are relatively low with regard to the force required per    unit area or with regard to the energy required per unit area.-   2. In the event of a loss of air having occurred, stage 1 (state as    described immediately above) transitions into stage 2: Relatively    large, coherent air-covered regions of the surface under liquid are    formed, but the percolation threshold for continuous air layers is    undershot. The individual air-covered surface regions are delimited    by partitions or by non-air-coated surface regions which are in    contact with water and which generally block an exchange of gas    between the individual air islands or compartments. In this state,    the friction reduction is still significant but is considerably    reduced in relation to state 1. The protection of the surfaces    against contact with the water or the liquid is still substantially    completely or at least for the most part maintained (typically, only    at most 2% to 10% of the overall surface is in contact with the    water). The activation threshold required for the detachment of air    from the layer, or generally gas from the layer, is significantly    higher than in stage 1.-   3. In the event of a yet further loss of gas, for example owing to    very intense pressure fluctuations, the final remaining stage is    stage 3, in which the surface stores only small air volumes in    hydrophobic niches, the so-called air pockets. These, too, may have    hydrophilic pinning centers on their side facing toward the water.    The friction-reducing action of the air layer is significantly    weakened in this state in relation to stage 1, and in the extreme    case no longer exists. Nevertheless, even in stage 3, depending on    the topographical configuration, a considerable reduction in the    contact area between the solid body surface of the immersed solid    body and the water is obtained, usually by more than a factor of 10,    that is to say only less than 10% of the surface is in direct    contact with the water, or more generally the liquid, in relation to    the state without gas-filled “air pockets”.

The air may self-evidently be replaced, very generally, by any desiredgas. The water may also be substituted by any other desired liquid.“Hydrophobic or superhydrophobic” should then be replaced by “nonwettingor super-nonwetting with regard to said liquid” (defined, veryanalogously to hydrophobic and superhydrophobic, by way of thecorresponding contact angle), and the hydrophilic pins should bereplaced by pins which are “liquidophilic”, that is to say wetting, withregard to said liquid. Here, relatively small differences aresufficient: The “hydrophilic pins” need not imperatively be actuallyhydrophilic in the sense of the textbook definition; in some cases, itis sufficient for these to merely be more wetting than the otherhydrophobic (or generally for any desired liquid: “liquidophobic”)surface.

In variants of the embodiment, it may also be provided either that thethree hierarchical planes of the structuring are not provided (with onlyone plane being provided) or that two planes or all three planes areprovided, or, instead of a regular or quasi-regular structured surface,a randomly structured surface may be provided which has a certainroughness and which has relatively small or relatively large pinningcenters at certain locations and the natural depressions of which serveas air pockets. Likewise suitable as surfaces of a particular roughness,of course, are porous surfaces in which the pores situated on thesurface can serve as air pockets.

One particular variant of a surface of said type is fibers or textilefibers which, owing to a surface configured as described above, canretain a continuous or discontinuous layer of air under water.Everything is as described immediately above, with the only exceptionbeing that the described structured surface is now the surface of afiber. This, too, may again be structured—like the surfaces alreadydescribed above—

-   -   by regular or irregular topographical structuring or    -   by regular or irregular chemical structuring (that is to say a        spatially dependent chemical or biochemical surface        functionalization) or    -   by surface roughness or    -   by surface porosity        or by a combination of the stated forms, and may or may not have        hydrophilic pinning centers. With regard to the fibers that        retain gas on their surface under liquid, it is of interest that        it is possible from these to construct or produce textiles,        fabrics, meshes, mats, strands, cords, felts, bathing wear        (swimming trunks, swimsuit etc.) etc. that retain gas or their        surface under liquid. It is likewise conceivable for ships,        boats, water sport devices (including surfboards etc.), buoys,        drilling platforms, measurement stations, measurement        appliances, water-exposed components of offshore wind farms,        other structures in water etc. to be coated with such        air-retaining textiles, for example in order to achieve friction        reduction, antifouling action or corrosion prevention.

Uses of the Salvinia effect:

-   -   Contactless vessels for highly reactive liquids.    -   Liquids surrounded by a gas cushion of a reaction partner to        which the gas or a constituent of the gas or in the form of fine        droplets or of fine particles can be fed.    -   Use of the air cushion for thermal insulation.    -   Use of the air cushion for friction reduction.    -   Use of the air cushion to attain an antifouling effect.    -   Use of the air cushion for preventing biofilm formation.    -   The fouling of the hairs and of the substrate surface itself        could be prevented by coating with bactericides, fungicides,        nanosilver, nanocopper or silver-containing and        copper-containing components.    -   Use of the air cushion for electrical insulation and galvanic        separation, in particular in the case of electrolytes.

Durable attainment of the Salvinia effect by rechargeable air layers:

-   -   Recharging of the air layer by means of pumps or pressurized gas        bottles via fine nozzles or via a gas-permeable surface between        the individual hairs.    -   Recharging of the air layer by galvanic, catalytic,        photocatalytic or galvanocatalytic decomposition of the liquid        medium (for example water).    -   Recharging of the air layer by way of dissolved gas components        in the liquid, by virtue of the surface energy of the ingressing        water being increased to such an extent that it is held away and        thus the sum of the partial pressures of all of the gases and        liquids in the liquid medium is equal to the gas pressure in the        Salvinia gas layer—which can mean that this is less than the        hydrostatic pressure in the liquid,    -   and targeted utilization of this effect in order to increase the        activation energy for the formation of gas bubbles: the liquid        medium is still “drawn” to the surface of the leaf hairs owing        to the negative pressure in the gas layer.

Generation of air layers with and without Salvinia effect:

Use inter alia for:

-   -   Air retention.    -   Friction reduction.    -   Buoyancy.    -   Antifouling.    -   Corrosion prevention.    -   Adhesion prevention—production of anti-adhesive surfaces by        “coating with air” in the described manner.    -   In combination with auto-reloading or active reloading of the        air layer, it would be possible here to construct a highly        efficient system for friction reduction.    -   Further friction reduction would be realized by non-polar Teflon        gliders on the end of the hairs.    -   By making the angle of inclination of the upper ends of the        hairs shallower, the derivative of the wetting energy with        respect to the penetration depth of the water into the hair        layer, and thus the repelling force with which the liquid is        repelled when it ingresses, is massively increased.    -   The elasticity of the angled hairs should furthermore, through        suitable selection of the spring constant, ensure that the hair        bends rather than being wetted by the liquid.

FIG. 27, part (a), shows a gas-retaining layer with a single-stagesystem of projections, wherein all of the projections have substantiallythe same longitudinal extent.

FIG. 27, part (b), shows a gas-retaining layer with a two-stage systemof projections, wherein projections are divided into short and longprojections.

FIG. 28 shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed by a rough surface,wherein the roughness on surface may have a length scale fromapproximately 10 μm to approximately 3 mm.

FIG. 29: part (a), shows a gas-retaining layer with a rough surfacewhich is in the form of a single-stage system; part (b) shows agas-retaining layer with a rough surface which is in the form of atwo-stage system; and part (c) shows a gas-retaining layer with a roughsurface which is in the form of a three-stage system.

FIG. 30: part (a), shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on afiliform element; and part (b) shows a filiform or fiber-like elementwith a gas-retaining layer which is in the form of a two-stage system.

FIG. 31 shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement and has a superhydrophobic surface on which hydrophilic pointsor pins are optionally formed.

FIG. 32 shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement, wherein different surface configurations are shown.

FIG. 33 shows a gas-retaining layer which is formed on a filiformelement, wherein the gas-retaining layer has a ring structure.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

-   2 Wall-   4 Liquid-   5 Gas-   6 Surface covering-   10 Gas-retaining layer-   10 c Base of the gas-retaining layer 10-   12 Gas-permeable ply-   14 Gas feed device-   16 Gas duct-   18 Gas source-   20 Valve-   22 Regulating device-   24 Sensor device-   26 Protruding element-   27 Protruding element-   28 Gas discharge device-   30 Depression-   32 Opening of the depression 30-   34 Hydrophobic coating of the depression 30-   36 Surface coating-   38 Rough surface-   40 Fiber-   42 Partition-   44 Sub-region of the gas-retaining layer 10-   A Gas discharge direction-   L Longitudinal direction

1-63. (canceled)
 64. A device for obtaining a gas layer under liquid,comprising (1) a gas-retaining layer having on the liquid-facing siderecesses and/or protruding elements whose surfaces are hydrophobic atleast regionally that retains gas or gas bubbles or gas pockets underliquid; (2) a recharging system selected from (i) feed lines or ductsfor the feed of gas and nozzles or micronozzles, (ii) a porous membrane,textile system, fabric system, felt system, flock system or fiber systemor sintered layer, and (iii) surface recharging by way of a capturingdevice for gas bubbles or microscopic gas bubbles generated by asputterer, said capturing device being composed of surface hairs orstructures which have liquid-repelling surfaces with or withouthydrophilic centers and which thus, in the form of protruding hairs,pillars or coronets or by formation of corresponding hollows ordepressions with liquid-repelling coating, capture the gas bubbles fromthe liquid and pin them to the surface of the gas-retaining layer orintegrate them into an existing gas layer; and (3) a recharging deviceselected form (i) a pump or other active recharging device, (ii) aself-recharging means, and (iii) a sputterer for the external generationof gas bubbles that are then captured by the capturing device.
 65. Thedevice according to claim 64, wherein the protruding elements have acentral surface region which is hydrophilic and which is surrounded by ahydrophobic surface region of the protruding elements.
 66. The deviceaccording to claim 64 or 65, wherein the gas-retaining layer is dividedinto a multiplicity of sub-regions by fluid-impermeable partitions,wherein the partitions are preferably of hydrophilic form at leastregionally.
 67. The device according to claim 66, wherein protrudingelements are present in all of the sub-regions.
 68. The device accordingto claim 64 or 65, further comprising at least one sensor device fordetermining the gas content in the gas-retaining layer, and a regulatingdevice by means of which measurement data can be received from the atleast one sensor device and which regulates the gas flow from therecharging device on the basis of the received measurement data.
 69. Thedevice according to claim 64 or 65, wherein the recharging system (ii)is in the form of an aerenchyma.
 70. The device according to claim 64 or65, wherein the gas-retaining layer is in the form of tiles, foils orfoil elements that retain the gas layer under liquid.
 71. The deviceaccording to claim 70, where the tiles, foils or foil elements can beapplied by reversible or irreversible adhesive bonding to a wall of awatercraft or a structure arranged in water, or to an internal wall of aliquid vessel or a liquid conduit.
 72. A watercraft having: a wall whichis immersed, at least regionally, in water when the watercraft is in anoperating position, wherein an at least partially gas-retaining layer isarranged on a side facing toward the water, the gas-retaining layerhaving on a water-facing side recesses and/or protruding elements whosesurfaces are hydrophobic at least regionally; and having: agas-permeable ply which is arranged on a wall-facing side, situatedopposite the water-facing side, between the gas-retaining layer and thewall; a gas feed device which is connected to the gas-permeable ply suchthat gas can flow from the gas feed device to the gas-retaining layerthrough the gas-permeable ply; or having: at least one gas dischargedevice which has a gas discharge opening at the water-facing side of thegas-retaining layer; a gas feed device which is connected to the gasdischarge device, wherein gas provided by the gas feed device can flowout of the gas discharge device and can be at least partially receivedby the gas-retaining layer.
 73. The watercraft according to claim 72,wherein a corrosion prevention coating and/or an antifouling coating isarranged between the gas-retaining layer and the wall of the watercraft,and wherein the gas-retaining layer separates the corrosion preventioncoating and/or the antifouling coating from the water at leastregionally.
 74. The watercraft according to claim 72 or 73, wherein thegas-retaining layer can be fed with a fouling-inhibiting gas.
 75. Thewatercraft according to claim 72, wherein the protruding elements have acentral surface region which is hydrophilic and which is surrounded by ahydrophobic surface region of the protruding elements.
 76. Thewatercraft according to claim 72, wherein the gas-retaining layer isdivided into a multiplicity of sub-regions by fluid-impermeablepartitions, wherein the partitions are preferably of hydrophilic form atleast regionally.
 77. A liquid vessel comprising: a vessel wall whichcan be wetted at least regionally with a liquid, wherein an at leastpartially gas-retaining layer is arranged on a side of the vessel wallfacing toward the liquid, the gas-retaining layer having on aliquid-facing side recesses and/or protruding elements whose surfacesare hydrophobic at least regionally; and comprising: a gas-permeable plywhich is arranged on a wall-facing side, situated opposite theliquid-facing side, between the gas-retaining layer and the vessel wall;a gas feed device which is connected to the gas-permeable ply such thatgas can flow from the gas feed device to the gas-retaining layer throughthe gas-permeable ply, or comprising: at least one gas discharge devicewhich has a gas discharge opening at the liquid-facing side of thegas-retaining layer; and a gas feed device which is connected to the gasdischarge device, wherein gas provided by the gas feed device can flowout of the gas discharge device and can be at least partially receivedby the gas-retaining layer.
 78. The liquid vessel according to claim 77,wherein a corrosion prevention coating is arranged between thegas-retaining layer and the wall of the liquid vessel, and wherein thegas-retaining layer separates the corrosion prevention coating from theliquid at least regionally.
 79. The liquid vessel according to claim 77or 78, wherein the protruding elements have a central surface regionwhich is hydrophilic and which is surrounded by a hydrophobic surfaceregion of the protruding elements.
 80. The liquid vessel according toclaim 77 or 78, wherein the gas-retaining layer is divided into amultiplicity of sub-regions by fluid-impermeable partitions, wherein thepartitions are preferably of hydrophilic form at least regionally.81-99. (canceled)